Now the Wolf Has Come The Creek Nation in the Civil War by Christine Schultz White Benton R. White

In the winter of 1861–62, nine thousand Native Americans in Indian Territory made a desperate escape from Confederate troops that were closing in on them. Now the Wolf Has Come recounts their dramatic journey from a unique Creek/Muskogee perspective.

Seeking to reach the protection of Federal forces in Kansas, members of the Creek nation followed their gods and their aging leader, Opothleyahola, through fierce blizzards while suffering from disease and starvation. Constant harassment and desperate pitched battles with rival bands of the Creek Nation led by the Confederate-allied McIntosh family, adjoining Cherokees under Colonel Stand Watie, and Texan Confederate sympathizers thinned the ranks of Opothleyahola's followers. When they finally straggled into Kansas, two thousand were dead or missing.

Even when they reached Kansas their trials were not over; Federal "protection" proved to be hollow and harsh. Opothleyahola and many others died in bleak Federal refugee camps.

This narrative account relies heavily on Creek oral tradition. Personal interviews with members of the Muskogee Nation have been supplemented with academic research in state, federal, and university archives and in the records of the Museum of the Muskogee Nation in Okmulgee, Oklahoma.

CHRISTINE SCHULTZ WHITE and BENTON R. WHITE earned doctorates at Texas Christian University and are on the faculty of the Alabama School of Mathematics and Science.

Western Writers of America Spur Award
1996 Finalist.

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Now the Wolf Has Come
0-89096-689-3
$29.95

LC 95-40697. 5 1/2 x 9. 216 pp. 2 b&w photos. Bib. Index.
Multicultural Topics. American History. Civil War.

Publication Date: February 1996.

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