TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY

HIST 105
History of the United States to 1877
Dr. Baum

Esaay questions covering Salem Possessed, The Slave Community and The Killer Angels:

1. Write an essay showing how Boyer and Nissenbaum explain why witchcraft possessed Salem, Massachusetts, by elaborating on the following main elements of the authors’ argument: [1] why witchcraft broke out in a peculiar area of Salem known as “Salem Village;” [2] why two factions arose in Salem Village based on geographical, religious, family, and economic divisions; [3] why downtown Salem loomed so large in the conscience of all the Villagers; [4] why Samuel Parris made the situation worse by his sermons; [5] which faction did the accusing and which faction was comprised of the accused; and [6] why the authors singled out “commercial capitalism” as the underlying cause of the witchcraft hysteria.

2. Based on your reading of John W. Blassingame's The Slave Community, write an essay that refutes the following mistaken view of life under slavery: [Hint: Do not waste time by writing that the statements below are “not true,” “all wrong,” “mistaken and incorrect,” etc., but rather demonstrate to the grader in your essay that you understand the main arguments about life under slavery made by Blassingame.]

"West Africans were by nature docile people and were thus especially suited for enslavement. Southern slave holders learned nothing from their slaves, whereas the slaves accepted completely the brand of religion their masters taught them. Although the institution of slavery prevented the development of a black American culture and destroyed the black family, it did provide for a happy and harmonious life on cotton plantations for both blacks and whites. Because slaves unquestionably obeyed their masters, whites never had to fear the possibility of a slave rebellion. In fact, slaves were so fond of their masters that they developed and internalized similar character traits: all slaves were submissive, childlike, lazy, and irresponsible."

3. Based on your reading of Shaara's prizewinning Civil War novel entitled The Killer Angels, describe what happened at the Battle of Gettysburg from the perspectives of James Longstreet and Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain. In other words, discuss how Longstreet and Chamberlain acted and felt during this crucial battle?

Essay questions covering material in the Unger textbook and in class lectures:

1. What factors caused Europeans to embark upon world exploration and what brought them and Africans to the New World? Also explain why and how England's experience at colonization in the New World differed from that of Spain.

2. Write an essay on American colonial society by describing how Old World life and culture changed in the new North American wilderness.

3. Compare and contrast the society which arose in Virginia with the Puritan settlement in Massachusetts Bay during the first half of the 17th century. (In the case of Virginia, be sure to describe initial expectations, the fate of the Virginia Company, and characteristics of the new society that resulted by 1650. For Massachusetts Bay, describe Puritan goals, the nature of the settlements they established, and the problems their way of life faced from Anne Hutchinson.)

4. Describe American colonial life from roughly the mid-17th century to the mid-18th century by discussing the following: [a] the economic, religious, and social instability that characterized American colonial society in the second half of the 17th century, and [b] the impact of the Great Awakening, the economic significance of widespread freehold tenure, and the gap between political theories and realities of government in the first half of the 18th century.

5. Why did the American colonists revolt against Great Britain?

6. What were the major turning points in the American Revolutionary War and how did the Revolution change America?

7. Why was the United States Constitution probably written and adopted by "popular demand?"

8. What issues divided the new American nation and how did they encourage the formation of political parties?

9. How did responsibility for governance from 1800 to 1816 cause Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to reconsider some earlier basic Democratic-Republican party principles?

10. What were the productive factors and the patterns of interregional trade that made it possible for the United States to achieve sustained economic growth before the Civil War?

11. Explain why Jackson’s actions and policies while in the White House caused his opponents to call him "King Andrew" and describe the nature and characteristics of the so-called "second party system" that culminated with the victory of William H. Harrison in the 1840 presidential election.

12. Although Americans in the Northern free states often talked about economic prosperity and democratic equality during the antebellum period, the experiences of free blacks, immigrants, and women challenged the rhetoric of progress and egalitarianism. Explain.

13. What were the main reasons for American expansionism during the antebellum period and what were the causes and results of the United States' war with Mexico?

14. What is myth and what was real about the Antebellum or Old South?

15. What were the causes of the American Civil War?

16. How did Republican party policies and programs during the Civil War transform the national government?

17. Why did the North win and why did the South lose the Civil War?

18. To what extent can the experience of the Civil War and Reconstruction be viewed as "revolutionary?" (Be sure to include in your answer references to how the federal government increased its power during the war and be sure to mention the accomplishments after the war of the Southern Republican governments.)

19. What went "wrong" and what went "right" during Reconstruction? Why?

20. Who is Matthew Gaines and why should he be honored with a statue or a monument on the Texas A&M University campus?


Sample multiple-choice questions on the lectures, books, textbook and Gaines articles:

1. Tecumseh [Unger textbook] was the: [a] Shawnee chief who wanted to unite the Indian societies in the Northwest [b] Huron guide who accompanied Lewis and Clark on their famous expedition [c] inventor of the Cherokee alphabet [d] Iroquoian ally of the French after the War of 1812 [e] the powerful Mohawk chief who had supported the Americans before the War of 1812. ANSWER: A

2. The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (modern-day Texas A&M University) [Gaines articles] was established by the Republican-dominated 12th Texas Legislature in: [a] 1862 [b] 1865 [c] 1870 [d] 1871 [e] 1876. ANSWER: D

3. "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists" [class lecture] were words spoken by: [a] Alexander Hamilton in his report entitled "On Manufacturers" [b] Aaron Burr in his trial for treason [c] Thomas Jefferson in his first inaugural address [d] John Marshall in defense of his ruling in Marbury v. Madison [e] George Washington in his Farewell Address. ANSWER: C

4. The pro-Parris faction [Salem Possessed] in "Salem Village": [a] lived predominately along the Ipswich Road [b] comprised most of those who did the accusing in the witchcraft trials [c] tended to be descendents or relatives of the Porter family [d] were wealthier than the anti-Parris faction [e] were jealous of those who lived on the west side of the Village. ANSWER: B

Tips on Writing Essay Questions:

The essay questions that will appear on the exams will test your reading comprehension of the material in the textbook and in class lectures. (In regard to the three assigned books, the questions will ask some variations of the following basic questions: why did witchcraft possess Salem, Massachusetts, in 1692?; what was life like under slavery?; and what happened at the battle of Gettysburg?) Even if you have prepared properly for writing an essay question, your problems are not over. During the exam, you must stay calm enough to remember what you read, you must understand the question, you must answer it directly and fully, and you must not run out of time. None of this is easy, but here are a few pointers to follow until you gain more experience to overcome these problems.
Remember: A well-written essay is a combination of (1) adequate knowledge of the subject of the book that you read (2) clear-thinking about the points to be covered (3) complete understanding of the question, and (4) well-constructed sentences.

Do not forget to give after or outside of class to Dr. Baum's teaching assistant: (1) the number of the seat in which you have chosen to sit in the classroom, (2) three unmarked and blank small-sized [8.5 X 7 inches] Exam "Blue" Books, and (3) three unmarked and blank SCANTRON forms (No. 882-E).
Also, remember to bring the required #2 pencil to the exams.

Lecture Outline:


THE NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS THE OLD
I. THE FIRST EUROPEAN "DISCOVERY" 1. LEIF ERICSSON AND THE VIKINGS (NORSEMEN) 2. MEDIEVAL EUROPE (AGE OF FEUDALISM) II. THE RISE OF MODERN EUROPE 1. TRADE WITH THE FAR EAST: COMMERCIAL CAPITALISM & THE BOURGEOISIE 2. ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE KINGS AND MERCHANTS: RISE OF NATION-STATES 3. THE RENAISSANCE: REVOLUTION IN THOUGHT AND COMMUNICATION 4 NEW TECHNOLOGY: ASTROLABE, SHIP DESIGN, & CANON III.NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLES AT THE TIME OF COLUMBUS 1. CONCEPT OF "INDIAN" AS AN INTELLECTUAL WEAPON 2. PROBLEMS OF STUDYING INDIAN SOCIETIES 3. REMARKABLE DIVERSITY OF INDIAN CULTURES A. SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE AZTECS, INCAS, AND MAYAS B. NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS C. THE DEMOGRAPHIC DISASTER IV. THE BACKGROUND OF ENGLISH COLONIZATION: POINTS OF CONTRAST WITH SPAIN 1. TREATY OF TORDESILLAS {1494} 2. JOHN CABOT 3. ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT & PROTESTANT REFORMATION: SURPLUS POPULATION & RELIGIOUS MISFITS 4. ROANOKE {1585}: SIR WALTER RALEIGH 5. JOINT STOCK COMPANIES 6. IRELAND AS THE MODEL FOR ENGLISH COLONIZATION

THE OLD WORLD COMES TO AMERICA
I. VIRGINIA: THE CREATION OF A COLONIAL SLAVEHOLDING SOCIETY A. INITIAL EXPECTATIONS 1. ROUTE TO FAR EAST 2. GOLD AND SILVER 3. INDIANS WOULD DO ALL WORK 4. A PERFECT REPLICATION OF BRITISH SOCIETY B. REALITIES: SQUALOR, STRUGGLE, AND FAILURE 1. JAMESTOWN & CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH {1607-1609} 2. SEVEN-YEAR PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY {1609-1616} 3. "HEADRIGHTS," PRIVATE PLANTATIONS, & UNCONTROLLED EXPANSION {1616-1624} C. A NEW WAY OF LIFE: TOBACCO & SLAVERY {after 1624} 1. THE NEW LEADERS 2. TOBACCO: "A NOXIOUS WEED" 3. INDENTURED SERVITUDE 4. RACIAL AND CHATTEL SLAVERY a. STATUS OF THE FIRST BLACK AFRICANS b. THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE c. EVOLUTION OF THE "SLAVE CODES" d. ECONOMIC FACTORS: THE VALUES OF LABOR AND LAND e. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS: WHITE ANXIETIES II. MASSACHUSETTS BAY A. PILGRIMS AND PURITANS: SEPARATING AND NON-SEPARATING CONGREGATIONALISTS B. JOHN WINTHROP'S "CITY UPON A HILL" C. THE NATURE OF THE PURITAN SETTLEMENTS D ANNE HUTCHINSON VERSUS THE PURITAN ESTABLISHMENT 1. JUSTIFICATION RATHER THAN SANCTIFICATION 2. WERE THE MINISTERS UNDER A COVENANT OF GRACE? 3. ANNE HUTCHINSON AS A "PERFECT PURITAN" 4. THE POLITICAL NATURE OF HER TRIAL 5. ANTINOMIANISM AS AN ANTI-CLIMAX III. OTHER SETTLEMENTS A. MARYLAND: A REFUGE FOR CATHOLICS: THE CALVERT FAMILY (LORDS BALTIMORE) B. CAROLINAS: A ROYAL REWARD (FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUTION FOR CAROLINA) C. PENNSYLVANIA: A HOLY EXPERIMENT (WILLIAM PENN'S FRAME OF GOVERNMENT) D. GEORGIA: DEFENSE AND PHILANTHROPY (GEN. JAMES OGLETHORPE) E. NON-ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS & IMMIGRANTS 1. NEW DELAWARE 2. NEW NETHERLANDS 3. FRENCH HUGUENOTS, GERMANS, AND SCOTCH-IRISH

COLONIAL SOCIETY
I. PROVINCIAL AMERICA: THE 17TH CENTURY A. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 1. LOWER WORKING CLASSES 2. A MOBILE AND YOUTHFUL POPULATION 3. LOW DEATH RATES, ALTERED SEX RATIOS, AND HIGH GROWTH RATES B. ECONOMIC INSTABILITY 1. NEW ENGLAND--ATLANTIC TRADE 2. CHESAPEAKE REGION--CONSIGNMENT SYSTEM C. RELIGIOUS INSTABILITY 1. DEBASEMENT OF THE ANGLICAN CLERGY 2. THE HALFWAY COVENANT {1662} 3. SALEM WITCHCRAFT TRIALS D. SOCIAL INSTABILITY 1. SUMPTUARY LAW OF 1651 2. RISE OF NATIVE OR LOCAL ELITES 3. SOCIAL STRAIN--BACON'S REBELLION IN VIRGINIA {1676} II. AMERICAN COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE 18TH CENTURY A. THE NEW POPULATION 1. SCOTCH IRISH [ULSTERMEN] 2. GERMANS [S.W. GERMANY] 3. AFRICANS--THE STONO REBELLION {1739} B. THE ECONOMY: WIDESPREAD FREEHOLD TENURE C. RELIGION: THE GREAT AWAKENING D. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT 1. THE COLONISTS' BELIEFS a. COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS=REPLICAS OF BRITISH SYSTEM b. MIXED MODEL OF GOVERNMENT 2. REASONS FOR STABILITY OF BRITISH GOVERNMENT a. ISSUES RESOLVED: CROWN'S AUTHORITY & CHURCH AND STATE b. THE "INVISIBLE" CONSTITUTION: ROTTEN BOROUGHS, RESTRICTED ELECTORATE, & PATRONAGE 3. INSTABILITY OF COLONIAL GOVERNMENT a. ABSENCE OF STABILIZING FACTORS b. "BRAWLING FACTIONALISM"

MOVING TOWARD INDEPENDENCE
A. A TRADITION OF "SALUTARY NEGLECT" 1. THE BOARD OF TRADE AND THE PRIVY COUNCIL 2. MERCANTILISM: THE TRADE AND NAVIGATION ACTS a. NAVIGATION ACT OF 1660 b. STAPLE ACT OF 1663 c. LAW OF 1673 B. LONG-IGNORED ECONOMIC PROBLEMS 1. TRADE DEFICIT WITH BRITAIN--MOLASSES ACT OF 1733 2. COLONIAL MANUFACTURING--IRON ACT OF 1750 3. ABSENCE OF SPECIE--CURRENCY ACT OF 1751 C. CULTURAL SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS 1. THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT 2. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN AND PENNSYLVANIA D. ANTAGONISMS GENERATED BY WAR EFFORTS 1. WAR OF JENKINS'S EAR--CARTAGENA 2. KING GEORGE'S WAR--LOUISBOURG AND "CRIMPING" 3. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR a. WILLIAM PITT b. HUGE WAR DEBTS AND LARGE PROFESSIONAL ARMIES c. "WRITS OF ASSISTANCE" E. COLONIAL SOCIAL STRUCTURE 1. "GENTLE" VERSUS "SIMPLE" PEOPLE 2. DEFERENCE TO ONE'S "BETTERS" 3. LOYALTY AND INFLUENCE IN A "PATRONAGE" SOCIETY F. COSTS AND BENEFITS OF THE EMPIRE BEFORE 1763 G. BRITISH ATTEMPTS TO RE-ORGANIZE THE EMPIRE AFTER 1763 1. THE WRITS OF ASSISTANCE 2. GEORGE GRENVILLE'S MINISTRY a. PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763 b. SUGAR ACT OR REVENUE ACT OF 1764 c. STAMP ACT d. QUARTERING ACTS {1765 & 1766} AND CURRENCY ACT OF 1764 3. DECLARATORY ACT {1766} 4. TOWNSHEND ACTS OR REVENUE ACTS OF 1767 H. PATRIOT IDEOLOGY: "A CONSPIRACY AGAINST LIBERTY" 1. REAL OR "RADICAL" WHIG OPPOSITION: DISSENTING ENGLISH POLITICAL THOUGHT 2. JOHN LOCKE AND THE RIGHT TO REBEL 3. THE BOSTON MASSACRE 4. THE TEA ACT 5. INTOLERABLE ACTS AND QUEBEC ACT 6. THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS {1774} 7. LEXINGTON AND CONCORD

THE REVOLUTION
I. THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE A. THE BALANCE OF FORCES B. THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS C. EARLY BATTLES 1. BREED'S HILL [BUNKER HILL] 2. FORT TICONDEROGA 3. THE WAR IN THE SOUTH D. TURNING POINTS 1. INDEPENDENCE DECLARED: THOMAS PAINE'S COMMON SENSE 2. SARATOGA AND THE FRENCH ALLIANCE E. THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 1. LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785 2. NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787 II. HOW "REVOLUTIONARY" WAS THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION? A. EXTENT OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE 1. CLASS WAR? 2. REDISTRIBUTION OF PROPERTY? B. HOW DID THE REVOLUTION CHANGE AMERICA? 1. ABOLISHMENT OF SLAVERY IN THE NORTH 2. BETTER TREATMENT FOR LAWBREAKERS 3. HOPES OF WOMEN 4. THE NEW POLITICS a. CALLING OF CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS b. NEW STATE CONSTITUTIONS c. "REPUBLICANISM" [REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY] 5. ATTACK ON LEGAL PRIVILEGES a. DISESTABLISHMENT OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH IN VIRGINIA b. ENTAIL AND PRIMOGENITURE c. ROYAL RESTRICTIONS ON LAND

THE ORIGINS OF THE CONSTITUTION
I. THREE INTERPRETATIONS A. 1781 TO 1789 AS A "CRITICAL PERIOD" B. SELFISH BONDHOLDERS? C. WRITTEN BY POPULAR DEMAND II. DOMESTIC CIRCUMSTANCES IN THE 1780S A. AGRICULTURE 1. LOSS OF MARKETS 2. FALLING PRICES 3. MISSISSIPPI RIVER CONTROLLED BY SPAIN B. COMMERCE 1. DECLINE IN PER CAPITA EXPORTS 2. FOREIGN DOMINATION OF COASTAL TRADE C. INDUSTRY: TARIFF PROBLEMS D. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CREDITORS E. NATIONALISM F. CONFEDERATION FINANCES III. FOREIGN AFFAIRS IN THE 1780S A. BRITAIN B. SPAIN C. BARBARY STATES IV. THE PHILADELPHIA CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION A. DANIEL SHAYS' REBELLION B. THE FRAMERS AND THEIR TASK: A BUNDLE OF COMPROMISES 1. THE GREAT COMPROMISE 2. "THREE-FIFTHS" COMPROMISE C. RATIFICATION 1. "FEDERALISTS" VERSUS "ANTI-FEDERALISTS" 2. THE FEDERALIST PAPERS

THE FIRST PARTY SYSTEM
I. ISSUES DIVIDING THE NEW NATION A. ALEXANDER HAMILTON'S THREE REPORTS 1. ON THE PUBLIC CREDIT 2. ON A NATIONAL BANK 3. ON MANUFACTURING B. THOMAS JEFFERSON'S APPEAL 1. THE AGRARIAN MYTH 2. ANTI-ELITISM 3. DISTRUST OF STRONG CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT C. RELATIONS WITH EUROPE 1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 2. "CITIZEN" GENET 3. THE JAY TREATY D. RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS 1. EPISCOPALIANS AND CONGREGATIONALISTS 2. "DISSENTING" DENOMINATIONS: METHODISTS, BAPTISTS, & CATHOLICS 3. NONCHURCHGOERS, AND DEISTS (FREETHINKERS) E. THE WHISKEY REBELLION 1. WESTERN DISLIKE OF WASHINGTON AND HAMILTON 2. THE PINCKNEY TREATY F. THE ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS AND THE "REVOLUTION OF 1800"

THE JEFFERSONIANS IN OFFICE
A. PRESIDENT THOMAS JEFFERSON 1. "INFORMAL" GOVERNMENT 2. FEDERALIST LEGISLATION REPEALED 3. ATTACK ON FEDERALIST OFFICEHOLDERS: MARBURY V. MADISON B. JEFFERSONIAN POLICY AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS 1. THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE {1803} --LEWIS & CLARK 2. THE "ESSEX JUNTO" --AARON BURR 3. NEUTRAL RIGHTS ONCE MORE --USS CHESAPEAKE 4. EMBARGO ACT OF 1807 C. PRESIDENT JAMES MADISON 1. WESTERN TROUBLES --TECUMSEH 2. THE WAR OF 1812 a. PEACE OF GHENT {1815} b. ANDREW JACKSON AND THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS

THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE
I. PRODUCTIVE FACTORS A. NATURAL RESOURCES B. LABOR C. SKILL AND TECHNOLOGY D. GROWING MARKETS--"Economies of Scale" E. CAPITAL F. FUTURE PREFERENCE G. BANKS AND CORPORATIONS H. GOVERNMENT ACTION--"Social Overhead Capital" II. THE INTER-REGIONAL PATTERN OF TRADE A. LAW OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE B. THE SOUTH--"KING COTTON" (ELI WHITNEY'S COTTON GIN) C. COTTON AS THE MAJOR EXPANSIVE FORCE IN THE U.S. ECONOMY D. THE WESTERN STATES--GRAINFIELDS AND FOODSTUFFS (CYRUS McCORMICK'S REAPER) E. THE NORTHEAST--BANKING AND INDUSTRY (FRANCIS CABOT LOWELL'S TEXTILE MILLS) F. IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION 1. ROBERT FULTON'S STEAMBOAT 2. THE CUMBERLAND ROAD 3. ERIE CANAL III. THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH A. ECONOMIC INEQUALITY B. EXPECTATIONS

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
I. THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS A. THE VIRGINIA DYNASTY B. FOREIGN AFFAIRS 1. ACQUISITION OF FLORIDA: ADAMS-ONIS TREATY 2. THE MONROE DOCTRINE II. JACKSON'S RISE TO POWER A. DEMOCRATIC REFORMS IN THE STATES B. THE 4-WAY PRESIDENTIAL RACE OF 1824 C. MARTIN VAN BUREN AND THE TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS D. JACKSON'S ELECTION IN 1828 III. "KING ANDREW" AND HIS WHIG OPPONENTS A. THE SPOILS SYSTEM B. NULLIFICATION CRISIS: JOHN C. CALHOUN AND SOUTH CAROLINA'S ORDINANCE OF NULLIFICATION C. INDIAN POLICY: THE TRAIL OF TEARS D. ATTACK ON THE U.S. BANK IV. THE SECOND PARTY SYSTEM TAKES SHAPE A. EFFECT OF VAN BUREN'S CANDIDACY IN 1836 B. THE 1840 ELECTION: HARRISON DEFEATS VAN BUREN C. WHIGS VERSUS DEMOCRATS: SIMILARITIES: 1. NONIDEOLOGICAL 2. TRULY NATIONAL IN SCOPE 3. WELL-ORGANIZED 4. MASS FOLLOWINGS D. WHIGS VERSUS DEMOCRATS: DIFFERENCES: 1. THE PIETISTIC-LITURGICAL CONTINUUM IN THE NORTH 2. ETHNIC DIFFERENCES 3. NEGATIVE REFERENCE GROUP THEORY 4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOUTHERN WHIGS AND SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS

THE MEXICAN WAR AND EXPANSIONISM
I. THE TEXAS REVOLUTION: A. PROBLEMS IN ANGLO-MEXICAN RELATIONS: SLAVERY, TRADE, AND IMMIGRATION B. TERRITORIAL DESIGNS OF THE UNITED STATES: MINISTERS POINSETT AND BUTLER C. THE LAW OF APRIL 6, 1830 D. "CENTRALISTS" VERSUS "FEDERALISTS" 1. ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA 2. THE ALAMO, GOLIAD, SAN JACINTO 3. DESTRUCTION OF THE TEJANO-ANGLO ALLIANCE: LORENZO DE ZAVALA AND JUAN SEGUIN II. TEXAS ANNEXATION A. THE TEXAS REPUBLIC: "A Federalist State in Rebellion"/Debts/Slavery 1. WHIGS AND DEMOCRATS AVOID THE TEXAS ISSUE 2. BRITISH INFLUENCE IN TEXAS INCREASES B. TYLER-WALKER SECRET PLAN 1. ANTI-BRITISH PROPAGANDA & PACIFIC PORTS 2. LINKING ISSUE OF OREGON WITH TEXAS 3. CALHOUN'S MISTAKE AND THE DEFEAT OF THE ANNEXATION TREATY C. THE 1844 ELECTION 1. POSITIONS OF CLAY (Whig) AND VAN BUREN (Dem.) 2. "DARK HORSE" CANDIDATE JAMES K. POLK (Dem.) 3. "THE RE-OCCUPATION OF OREGON AND THE RE-ANNEXATION OF TEXAS" 4. MANIFEST DESTINY 5. WHIG DEFECTIONS IN NEW YORK: THE LIBERTY PARTY D. ANNEXATION BY JOINT RESOLUTION: CONDITIONS 1. REFERENDUM 2. FIVE-STATE OPTION 3. MISSOURI COMPROMISE 4. BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENTS LEFT TO U.S. GOVERNMENT III. THE MEXICAN WAR {1846-1848} A. THE PRETEXT: THE TREATY OF VELASCO {1836} B. ZACHARY TAYLOR, WINFIELD SCOTT, AND THE TEXAS RANGERS C. THE TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO {1848}: THE TEXAS-NEW MEXICO BOUNDARY DISPUTE D. REFLECTIONS: THE UNITED STATES AS A "PEACEFUL BELLIGERENT"

AMERICANS BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR
I. AMERICAN CHARACTER AND THE FRONTIER: MIDWESTERN EGALITARIANISM II. IMMIGRANTS A. IRISH AND GERMAN NEWCOMERS B. NATIVISM [ANTI-FOREIGN SENTIMENT] C. ANTI-CATHOLICISM D. "NO IRISH NEED APPLY" III.FREE BLACKS A. BIGOTRY B. SEGREGATION C. DENIAL OF CIVIL RIGHTS IV. WOMEN A. "CIVIL DEATH" AND LEGAL INFANTS B. ECONOMIC DISCRIMINATION ("WOMEN'S WORK") C. "CULT OF TRUE WOMANHOOD" D. ANTEBELLUM FEMINISM 1. ELIZABETH CADY STANTON 2. THE SENECA FALLS CONVENTION {1848}

THE OLD SOUTH
I. AN UNEXPECTED DIVERSITY A. THE ENVIRONMENT B. SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE C. SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE WHITE SOUTH 1. LARGE SLAVEHOLDERS (5%) 2. SMALL SLAVEHOLDERS (20%) 3. NONSLAVEHOLDERS (75%): YEOMAN FARMERS & POOR WHITES II. LIFE UNDER SLAVERY III. PROFITABILITY OF SLAVERY A. CAPITALIST NATURE OF SLAVERY B. ECONOMIES OF LARGE SCALE OPERATIONS C. SLAVEHOLDER OPTIMISM D. SLAVERY IN THE CITIES E. RISE IN SOUTHERN PER CAPITA INCOME F. ECONOMIC VIABILITY: IMPLICATIONS FOR CIVIL WAR CAUSATION IV. THE MYTH OF THE SOUTH AS A "GRACIOUS, CULTURED, AND GENIAL SOCIETY" A. FEAR OF SLAVE REVOLTS: NAT TURNER'S INSURRECTION {1831} B. DEFENSE OF SLAVERY 1. BIBLICAL 2. "SCIENTIFIC" 3. SOCIOLOGICAL: GEORGE FITZHUGH & "MUD SILL" NOTION C. QUIETING THE OPPOSITION D. STIFLING OF ARTISTIC AND INTELLECTUAL GROWTH E. ANTI-DEMOCRATIC THEORY: CALHOUN'S SOLUTION 1. CONCURRENT MAJORITY 2. DUAL PRESIDENCY

THE COMING OF THE CIVIL WAR
I. POLITICALIZATION OF THE SLAVERY ISSUE II. THE DILEMMA OF TERRITORIAL GROWTH A. MISSOURI COMPROMISE {1820} B. TEXAS ANNEXATION C. WILMOT PROVISO {1846} D. FREE SOIL PARTY AND THE 1848 ELECTION E. THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 III. RISE OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY A. ENFORCEMENT OF THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT {1850} B. THE STATUS OF SLAVERY IN THE WESTERN TERRITORIES C. KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT {1854} D. [The Know-Nothing Interlude] E. GUERRILLA WAR IN KANSAS F. BROOKS-SUMNER INCIDENT G. THE 1856 ELECTION H. DRED SCOTT CASE & LECOMPTON CONSTITUTION IV. THE IDEOLOGY OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY A. "SLAVE POWER" CONSPIRACY B. INTENT OF THE FRAMERS C. DEFENSE OF NORTHERN SOCIETY V. THE SECESSIONIST MOVEMENT IN THE SOUTH A. JOHN BROWN AND HARPER'S FERRY {1859} B. DOUGLAS DEMOCRATS VERSUS BRECKINRIDGE DEMOCRATS C. POLITICAL REALIGNMENT IN THE SOUTH [1860-1861] D. DECLARATIONS OF CAUSES FOR SECESSION E. SECESSION AS PRE-EMPTIVE COUNTER-REVOLUTION

THE CIVIL WAR
I. THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH A. THE BALANCE OF FORCES B. BULL RUN: AN ANTIDOTE TO NORTHERN CONFIDENCE C. LINCOLN'S EARLY COMMANDERS: MCCLELLAN AND GRANT D. UNION WAR STRATEGY 1. "ON TO RICHMOND" 2. ANACONDA PLAN: A WAR OF ATTRITION 3. THE DIPLOMATIC WAR II. INCREASES IN THE POWER OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT A. CONSCRIPTION (THE DRAFT) B. TAXATION, BANKING, AND CURRENCY C. TRANSPORTATION: PACIFIC RAILROAD ACT OF 1862 D. GOVERNMENT BECOMES "BIG BUSINESS" E. GOVERNMENT AND AGRICULTURE 1. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 2. MORRILL LAND GRANT COLLEGE ACT 3. HOMESTEAD ACT III. THE THIRD (OR CIVIL WAR) PARTY SYSTEM A. REPUBLICANS VERSUS DEMOCRATS B. THE 4 GREAT ISSUES OF THE WAR 1. A GOVERNMENT-CONTROLLED CURRENCY ("GREENBACKS") 2. THE DRAFT 3. DIRECT TAXATION 4. EMANCIPATION a. LINCOLN'S EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION b. REASONS FOR ISSUANCE IV. FACTORS THAT CAUSED THE SOUTH'S DEFEAT A. FAILURE OF "COTTON DIPLOMACY" B. THE UNION BLOCKADE C. WEAKNESSES OF THE CONFEDERATE GOVERNMENT D. BLACK SOLDIERS IN THE UNION ARMY V. WARTIME POLITICS IN THE NORTH A. LINCOLN'S 10% PLAN B. WADE-DAVIS BILL C. ELECTION OF 1864: LINCOLN (Rep.) VERSUS MCCLELLAN (Dem.)

RECONSTRUCTION
I. PRESIDENTIAL ("JOHNSONIAN") RECONSTRUCTION {1865-1867} A. ANDREW JOHNSON AND RECONSTRUCTION AS RECONCILIATION B. THE "BLACK CODES" C. WHITE REACTIONARIES AND CONSERVATIVES IN CONTROL D. REPUBLICAN AND NORTHERN DISILLUSIONMENT WITH JOHNSON II. CONGRESSIONAL ("RADICAL") RECONSTRUCTION {1867-1876} A. U.S. CONGRESS VERSUS PRESIDENT JOHNSON 1. FREEDMEN'S BUREAU 2. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1866 3. FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT 4. 1866 "OFF-YEAR" ELECTIONS (THE NEW ORLEANS MASSACRE) 5. FIRST RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867 6. UNSUCCESSFUL IMPEACHMENT B. THE EXPERIENCE OF CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION 1. THE MYTH OF "BLACK RECONSTRUCTION" 2. ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE SOUTHERN REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENTS a. CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS FOR AFRICAN-AMERICANS b. RATIFICATION OF THE 14TH AND 15TH AMENDMENTS c. FREE TAX-SUPPORTED PUBLIC SCHOOLS d. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS (1871) d. RE-DISTRICTING, PRISON REFORM, WOMEN'S RIGHTS, INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS, & FRONTIER DEFENSE C. THE WHITE CONSERVATIVE COUNTER-REVOLUTION AGAINST CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION 1. WHITE TERRORISM: THE KU KLUX KLAN 2. "REDEEMERS" AND WHITE LEAGUERS 3. THE MISSISSIPPI PLAN OF REDEMPTION: DESTRUCTION OF REPUBLICAN PARTY VOTER COALITIONS a. PHYSICAL INTIMIDATION b. ECONOMIC COERCION c. SOCIAL OSTRACISM III. REFLECTIONS ON RECONSTRUCTION: SOME LIMITS TO CHANGE 1. LAISSEZ-FAIRE 2. SEPARATION OF POWERS ("CONSTITUTIONALISM") 3. REPUBLICAN FACTIONALISM 4. RACISM



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