THE NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS THE OLD I. THE FIRST EUROPEAN "DISCOVERY" 1. LEIF ERICSSON AND THE VIKINGS (NORSEMEN) 2. MEDIEVAL EUROPE (AGE OF FEUDALISM) II. THE RISE OF MODERN EUROPE 1. TRADE WITH THE FAR EAST: COMMERCIAL CAPITALISM & THE BOURGEOISIE 2. ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE KINGS AND MERCHANTS: RISE OF NATION-STATES 3. THE RENAISSANCE: REVOLUTION IN THOUGHT AND COMMUNICATION 4 NEW TECHNOLOGY: ASTROLABE, SHIP DESIGN, & CANON III.NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLES AT THE TIME OF COLUMBUS 1. CONCEPT OF "INDIAN" AS AN INTELLECTUAL WEAPON 2. PROBLEMS OF STUDYING INDIAN SOCIETIES 3. REMARKABLE DIVERSITY OF INDIAN CULTURES A. SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE AZTECS, INCAS, AND MAYAS B. NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS C. THE DEMOGRAPHIC DISASTER V. THE BACKGROUND OF ENGLISH COLONIZATION: POINTS OF CONTRAST WITH SPAIN 1. TREATY OF TORDESILLAS {1494} 2. JOHN CABOT 3. ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT & PROTESTANT REFORMATION: SURPLUS POPULATION 4. RELIGIOUS MISFITS 5. ROANOKE {1585}: SIR WALTER RALEIGH 6. JOINT STOCK COMPANIES 7. IRELAND AS THE MODEL FOR ENGLISH COLONIZATION THE TRANSPLANTATION I. VIRGINIA: THE CREATION OF A COLONIAL SLAVEHOLDING SOCIETY A. INITIAL EXPECTATIONS 1. ROUTE TO FAR EAST 2. GOLD AND SILVER 3. INDIANS WOULD DO ALL WORK 4. A PERFECT REPLICATION OF BRITISH SOCIETY B. REALITIES: SQUALOR, STRUGGLE, AND FAILURE 1. JAMESTOWN & CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH {1607-1609} 2. SEVEN-YEAR PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY {1609-1616} 3. "HEADRIGHTS," PRIVATE PLANTATIONS, & UNCONTROLLED EXPANSION {1616-1624} C. A NEW WAY OF LIFE: TOBACCO & SLAVERY {after 1624} 1. THE NEW LEADERS 2. TOBACCO: "A NOXIOUS WEED" 3. INDENTURED SERVITUDE 4. RACIAL AND CHATTEL SLAVERY a. STATUS OF THE FIRST BLACK AFRICANS b. THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE c. EVOLUTION OF THE "SLAVE CODES" d. ECONOMIC FACTORS: THE VALUES OF LABOR AND LAND e. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS: WHITE ANXIETIES II. MASSACHUSETTS BAY A. PILGRIMS AND PURITANS: SEPARATING AND NON-SEPARATING CONGRATIONALISTS B. JOHN WINTHROP'S "CITY UPON A HILL" C. THE NATURE OF THE PURITAN SETTLEMENTS D. ANNE HUTCHINSON VERSUS THE PURITAN ESTABLISHMENT 1. JUSTIFICATION RATHER THAN SANCTIFICATION 2. WERE THE MINISTERS UNDER A COVENANT OF GRACE? 3. ANNE HUTCHINSON AS A "PERFECT PURITAN" 4. THE POLITICAL NATURE OF HER TRIAL 5. ANTINOMIANISM AS AN ANTI-CLIMAX III.OTHER SETTLEMENTS A. MARYLAND: A REFUGE FOR CATHOLICS THE CALVERT FAMILY (LORDS BALTIMORE) B. CAROLINAS: A ROYAL REWARD FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUTION FOR CAROLINA C. PENNSYLVANIA: A HOLY EXPERIMENT WILLIAM PENN'S FRAME OF GOVERNMENT D. GEORGIA: DEFENSE AND PHILANTHROPY GEN. JAMES OGLETHORPE E. NON-ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS & IMMIGRANTS 1. NEW DELAWARE 2. NEW NETHERLANDS 3. FRENCH HUGUENOTS, GERMANS, AND SCOTCH-IRISH COLONIAL AMERICA I. PROVINCIAL AMERICA: THE 17TH CENTURY A. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 1. LOWER WORKING CLASSES 2. A MOBILE AND YOUTHFUL POPULATION 3. LOW DEATH RATES, ALTERED SEX RATIOS, AND HIGH GROWTH RATES B. ECONOMIC INSTABILITY 1. NEW ENGLAND--ATLANTIC TRADE 2. CHESAPEAKE REGION--CONSIGNMENT SYSTEM C. RELIGIOUS INSTABILITY 1. DEBASEMENT OF THE ANGLICAN CLERGY 2. THE HALFWAY COVENANT {1662} 3. SALEM WITCHCRAFT TRIALS D. SOCIAL INSTABILITY 1. SUMPTUARY LAW OF 1651 2. RISE OF NATIVE OR LOCAL ELITES 3. SOCIAL STRAIN--BACON'S REBELLION IN VIRGINIA {1676} II. AMERICAN COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE 18TH CENTURY A. THE NEW POPULATION 1. SCOTCH IRISH [ULSTERMEN] 2. GERMANS [S.W. GERMANY] 3. AFRICANS--THE STONO REBELLION {1739} B. THE ECONOMY: WIDESPREAD FREEHOLD TENURE C. RELIGION: THE GREAT AWAKENING D. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT 1. THE COLONISTS' BELIEFS a. COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS=REPLICAS OF BRITISH SYSTEM b. MIXED MODEL OF GOVERNMENT 2. REASONS FOR STABILITY OF BRITISH GOVERNMENT a. ISSUES RESOLVED: CROWN'S AUTHORITY & CHURCH AND STATE b. THE "INVISIBLE" CONSTITUTION: ROTTEN BOROUGHS, RESTRICTED ELECTORATE, AND PATRONAGE 3. INSTABILITY OF COLONIAL GOVERNMENT a. ABSENCE OF STABILIZING FACTORS b. "BRAWLING FACTIONALISM" III.PROBLEMS IN THE SUBSTRATUM OF BRITISH-AMERICAN LIFE A. A TRADITION OF "SALUTARY NEGLECT" 1. THE BOARD OF TRADE AND THE PRIVY COUNCIL 2. MERCANTILISM: THE TRADE AND NAVIGATION ACTS a. NAVIGATION ACT OF 1660 b. STAPLE ACT OF 1663 c. LAW OF 1673 B. LONG-IGNORED ECONOMIC PROBLEMS 1. TRADE DEFICIT WITH BRITAIN--MOLASSES ACT OF 1733 2. COLONIAL MANUFACTURING--IRON ACT OF 1750 3. ABSENCE OF SPECIE--CURRENCY ACT OF 1751 C. CULTURAL SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS 1. THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT 2. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN AND PENNSYLVANIA D. ANTAGONISMS GENERATED BY WAR EFFORTS 1. WAR OF JENKINS'S EAR--CARTAGENA 2. KING GEORGE'S WAR--LOUISBOURG AND "CRIMPING" 3. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR a. WILLIAM PITT b. HUGE WAR DEBTS AND LARGE PROFESSIONAL ARMIES c. "WRITS OF ASSISTANCE" THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION I. WHY DID THE COLONISTS REVOLT? A. COLONIAL SOCIAL STRUCTURE 1. "GENTLE" VERSUS "SIMPLE" PEOPLE 2. DEFERENCE TO ONE'S "BETTERS" 3. LOYALTY AND INFLUENCE IN A "PATRONAGE" SOCIETY B. COSTS AND BENEFITS OF THE EMPIRE BEFORE 1763 C. BRITISH ATTEMPTS TO RE-ORGANIZE THE EMPIRE AFTER 1763 1. THE WRITS OF ASSISTANCE 2. GEORGE GRENVILLE'S MINISTRY a. PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763 b. SUGAR ACT OR REVENUE ACT OF 1764 c. STAMP ACT d. QUARTERING ACTS {1765 & 1766} AND CURRENCY ACT OF 1764 3. DECLARATORY ACT {1766} 4. TOWNSHEND ACTS OR REVENUE ACTS OF 1767 D. PATRIOT IDEOLOGY: "A CONSPIRACY AGAINST LIBERTY" [How did it cause the American colonists to misinterpret the implications of British imperial policies?] 1. REAL OR "RADICAL" WHIG OPPOSITION: DISSENTING ENGLISH POLITICAL THOUGHT 2. JOHN LOCKE AND THE RIGHT TO REBEL 3. THE BOSTON MASSACRE 4. THE TEA ACT 5. INTOLERABLE ACTS AND QUEBEC ACT 6. THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS {1774} 7. LEXINGTON AND CONCORD II. THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE A. THE BALANCE OF FORCES B. THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS C. EARLY BATTLES 1. BREED'S HILL [BUNKER HILL] 2. FORT TICONDEROGA 3. THE WAR IN THE SOUTH D. TURNING POINTS 1. INDEPENDENCE DECLARED: THOMAS PAINE'S COMMON SENSE 2. SARATOGA AND THE FRENCH ALLIANCE E. THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 1. LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785 2. NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787 III. HOW "REVOLUTIONARY" WAS THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION? A. EXTENT OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE 1. CLASS WAR? 2. REDISTRIBUTION OF PROPERTY? B. HOW DID THE REVOLUTION CHANGE AMERICA? 1. ABOLISHMENT OF SLAVERY IN THE NORTH 2. BETTER TREATMENT FOR LAWBREAKERS 3. HOPES OF WOMEN 4. THE NEW POLITICS a. CALLING OF CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS b. NEW STATE CONSTITUTIONS c. "REPUBLICANISM" [REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY] 5. ATTACK ON LEGAL PRIVILEGES a. DISESTABLISHMENT OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH IN VIRGINIA b. ENTAIL AND PRIMOGENITURE c. ROYAL RESTRICTIONS ON LAND ORIGINS OF THE CONSTITUTION I. THREE INTERPRETATIONS A. 1781 TO 1789 AS A "CRITICAL PERIOD"? B. SELFISH BONDHOLDERS? C. WRITTEN BY POPULAR DEMAND? II. DOMESTIC CIRCUMSTANCES IN THE 1780S A. AGRICULTURE 1. LOSS OF MARKETS 2. FALLING PRICES 3. MISSISSIPPI RIVER CONTROLLED BY SPAIN B. COMMERCE 1. DECLINE IN PER CAPITA EXPORTS 2. FOREIGN DOMINATION OF COASTAL TRADE C. INDUSTRY: TARIFF PROBLEMS D. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CREDITORS E. NATIONALISM F. CONFEDERATION FINANCES III. FOREIGN AFFAIRS IN THE 1780S A. BRITAIN B. SPAIN C. BARBARY STATES IV. THE PHILADELPHIA CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION A. DANIEL SHAYS' REBELLION B. THE FRAMERS AND THEIR TASK: A BUNDLE OF COMPROMISES 1. THE GREAT COMPROMISE 2. "THREE-FIFTHS" COMPROMISE C. RATIFICATION 1. "FEDERALISTS" VERSUS "ANTI-FEDERALISTS" 2. THE FEDERALIST PAPERS THE FIRST PARTY SYSTEM I. FEDERALISTS {or "Hamiltonians"} VERSUS DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS {or "Jeffersonians"} A. "STRICT" VERSUS "LOOSE" CONSTRUCTION B. ALEXANDER HAMILTON'S THREE REPORTS 1. ON THE PUBLIC CREDIT 2. ON A NATIONAL BANK 3. ON MANUFACTURING C. THOMAS JEFFERSON'S APPEAL 1. THE AGRARIAN MYTH 2. ANTI-ELITISM 3. DISTRUST OF STRONG CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT D. RELATIONS WITH EUROPE 1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 2. "CITIZEN" GENET 3. THE JAY TREATY E. RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS 1. EPISCOPALIANS AND CONGREGATIONALISTS 2. "DISSENTING" DENOMINATIONS: METHODISTS, BAPTISTS, AND CATHOLICS 3. NONCHURCHGOERS (or "Nothingingarians") AND DEISTS (or "Freethinkers") F. THE WHISKEY REBELLION 1. WESTERN DISLIKE OF WASHINGTON AND HAMILTON 2. THE PINCKNEY TREATY G. THE ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS AND THE "REVOLUTION OF 1800" II. THE DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS IN OFFICE A. PRESIDENT THOMAS JEFFERSON 1. "INFORMAL" GOVERNMENT 2. FEDERALIST LEGISLATION REPEALED 3. ATTACK ON FEDERALIST OFFICEHOLDERS: MARBURY V. MADISON B. JEFFERSONIAN POLICY AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS 1. THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE {1803} --LEWIS & CLARK 2. THE "ESSEX JUNTO" --AARON BURR 3. NEUTRAL RIGHTS ONCE MORE --USS CHESAPEAKE 4. EMBARGO ACT OF 1807 C. PRESIDENT JAMES MADISON 1. WESTERN TROUBLES --TECUMSEH 2. THE WAR OF 1812 a. PEACE OF GHENT {1815} b. ANDREW JACKSON AND THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE I. PRODUCTIVE FACTORS A. NATURAL RESOURCES B. LABOR C. SKILL AND TECHNOLOGY D. GROWING MARKETS--"Economies of Scale" E. CAPITAL F. FUTURE PREFERENCE G. BANKS AND CORPORATIONS H. GOVERNMENT ACTION--"Social Overhead Capital" II. THE INTER-REGIONAL PATTERN OF TRADE A. LAW OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE B. THE SOUTH--"KING COTTON": ELI WHITNEY'S COTTON GIN C. COTTON AS THE MAJOR EXPANSIVE FORCE IN THE U.S. ECONOMY D. THE WESTERN STATES--GRAINFIELDS AND FOODSTUFFS: CYRUS McCORMICK'S REAPER E. THE NORTHEAST--BANKING AND INDUSTRY: FRANCIS CABOT LOWELL'S TEXTILE MILLS F. IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION 1. ROBERT FULTON'S STEAMBOAT 2. THE CUMBERLAND ROAD 3. ERIE CANAL III. THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH A. ECONOMIC INEQUALITY B. EXPECTATIONS THE AGE OF JACKSON I. THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS A. THE VIRGINIA DYNASTY B. FOREIGN AFFAIRS 1. ACQUISITION OF FLORIDA: ADAMS-ONIS TREATY 2. THE MONROE DOCTRINE II. JACKSON'S RISE TO POWER A. DEMOCRATIC REFORMS IN THE STATES B. THE 4-WAY PRESIDENTIAL RACE OF 1824 C. MARTIN VAN BUREN AND THE TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS D. JACKSON'S ELECTION IN 1828 III. "KING ANDREW" AND HIS WHIG OPPONENTS A. THE SPOILS SYSTEM B. NULLIFICATION CRISIS: JOHN C. CALHOUN AND SOUTH CAROLINA'S ORDINANCE OF NULLIFICATION C. INDIAN POLICY: THE TRAIL OF TEARS D. ATTACK ON THE U.S. BANK IV. THE SECOND PARTY SYSTEM TAKES SHAPE A. EFFECT OF VAN BUREN'S CANDIDACY IN 1836 B. THE 1840 ELECTION: HARRISON DEFEATS VAN BUREN C. WHIGS VERSUS DEMOCRATS: SIMILARITIES: 1. NONIDEOLOGICAL 2. TRULY NATIONAL IN SCOPE 3. WELL-ORGANIZED 4. MASS FOLLOWINGS D. WHIGS VERSUS DEMOCRATS: DIFFERENCES: 1. THE PIETISTIC-LITURGICAL CONTINUUM IN THE NORTH 2. ETHNIC DIFFERENCES 3. NEGATIVE REFERENCE GROUP THEORY 4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOUTHERN WHIGS AND SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS ANTEBELLUM EXPANSION: TEXAS, OREGON, AND THE MEXICAN WAR I. THE TEXAS REVOLUTION: A. PROBLEMS IN ANGLO-MEXICAN RELATIONS: SLAVERY, TRADE, AND IMMIGRATION B. TERRITORIAL DESIGNS OF THE UNITED STATES: MINISTERS POINSETT AND BUTLER C. THE LAW OF APRIL 6, 1830 D. "CENTRALISTS" VERSUS "FEDERALISTS" 1. ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA 2. THE ALAMO, GOLIAD, SAN JACINTO 3. DESTRUCTION OF THE TEJANO-ANGLO ALLIANCE: LORENZO DE ZAVALA AND JUAN SEGUIN II. TEXAS ANNEXATION A. THE TEXAS REPUBLIC: "A Federalist State in Rebellion"/Problem of debts/ Slavery issue 1. WHIGS AND DEMOCRATS AVOID THE TEXAS ISSUE 2. BRITISH INFLUENCE IN TEXAS B. THE TYLER-WALKER SECRET PLAN 1. ANTI-BRITISH PROPAGANDA & PACIFIC PORTS 2. LINKING ISSUE OF OREGON WITH TEXAS 3. CALHOUN'S MISTAKE AND THE DEFEAT OF THE ANNEXATION TREATY C. THE 1844 ELECTION 1. POSITIONS OF CLAY (Whig) AND VAN BUREN (Dem.) 2. "DARK HORSE" CANDIDATE JAMES K. POLK (Dem.) 3. "THE RE-OCCUPATION OF OREGON AND THE RE-ANNEXATION OF TEXAS" 4. MANIFEST DESTINY 5. WHIG DEFECTIONS IN NEW YORK: THE LIBERTY PARTY D. ANNEXATION BY JOINT RESOLUTION: CONDITIONS 1. REFERENDUM 2. FIVE-STATE OPTION 3. MISSOURI COMPROMISE 4. BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENTS LEFT TO U.S. GOVERNMENT III. THE MEXICAN WAR {1846-1848} A. THE PRETEXT: THE TREATY OF VELASCO {1836} B. ZACHARY TAYLOR, WINFIELD SCOTT, AND THE TEXAS RANGERS C. THE TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO {1848}: THE TEXAS-NEW MEXICO BOUNDARY DISPUTE D. REFLECTIONS: THE U.S. AS A "PEACEFUL BELLIGERENT" NORTH OF SLAVERY: AMERICANS BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR I. AMERICAN CHARACTER AND THE FRONTIER: MIDWESTERN EGALITARIANISM II. IMMIGRANTS A. IRISH AND GERMAN NEWCOMERS B. NATIVISM [ANTI-FOREIGN SENTIMENT] C. ANTI-CATHOLICISM D. "NO IRISH NEED APPLY" III.FREE BLACKS A. BIGOTRY B. SEGREGATION C. DENIAL OF CIVIL RIGHTS IV. WOMEN A. "CIVIL DEATH" AND LEGAL INFANTS B. ECONOMIC DISCRIMINATION ("WOMEN'S WORK") C. "CULT OF TRUE WOMANHOOD" D. ANTEBELLUM FEMINISM 1. ELIZABETH CADY STANTON 2. THE SENECA FALLS CONVENTION {1848} THE OLD SOUTH I. AN UNEXPECTED DIVERSITY A. THE ENVIRONMENT B. SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE C. SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE WHITE SOUTH 1. LARGE SLAVEHOLDERS (5%) 2. SMALL SLAVEHOLDERS (20%) 3. NONSLAVEHOLDERS (75%) a. YEOMAN FARMERS b. POOR WHITES II. LIFE UNDER SLAVERY III.PROFITABILITY OF SLAVERY A. CAPITALIST NATURE OF SLAVERY B. ECONOMIES OF LARGE SCALE OPERATIONS C. SLAVEHOLDER OPTIMISM D. SLAVERY IN THE CITIES E. RISE IN SOUTHERN PER CAPITA INCOME F. ECONOMIC VIABILITY: IMPLICATIONS FOR CIVIL WAR CAUSATION IV. THE MYTH OF THE SOUTH AS A "GRACIOUS, CULTURED, AND GENIAL SOCIETY" A. FEAR OF SLAVE REVOLTS: NAT TURNER'S INSURRECTION {1831} B. DEFENSE OF SLAVERY 1. BIBLICAL 2. "SCIENTIFIC" 3. SOCIOLOGICAL: GEORGE FITZHUGH & NECESSITY OF A "MUD SILL" C. QUIETING THE OPPOSITION D. STIFLING OF ARTISTIC AND INTELLECTUAL GROWTH E. ANTI-DEMOCRATIC THEORY: CALHOUN'S SOLUTION 1. CONCURRENT MAJORITY 2. DUAL PRESIDENCY THE COMING OF THE CIVIL WAR I. POLITICALIZATION OF THE SLAVERY ISSUE LEFT RIGHT Radicals/Liberals Conservatives/Reactionaries REVOLUTION - COMMON GROUND - COUNTER-REVOLUTION II. THE DILEMMA OF TERRITORIAL GROWTH A. MISSOURI COMPROMISE {1820} B. TEXAS ANNEXATION C. WILMOT PROVISO {1846} D. FREE SOIL PARTY AND THE 1848 ELECTION E. THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 III. RISE OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY A. ENFORCEMENT OF THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT {1850} B. THE STATUS OF SLAVERY IN THE WESTERN TERRITORIES C. KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT {1854} D. [The Know-Nothing Interlude] E. GUERRILLA WAR IN KANSAS F. BROOKS-SUMNER INCIDENT G. THE 1856 ELECTION H. DRED SCOTT CASE & LECOMPTON CONSTITUTION IV. THE IDEOLOGY OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY A. "SLAVE POWER" CONSPIRACY B. INTENT OF THE FRAMERS C. DEFENSE OF NORTHERN SOCIETY V. THE SECESSIONIST MOVEMENT IN THE SOUTH A. JOHN BROWN AND HARPER'S FERRY {1859} B. DOUGLAS DEMOCRATS VERSUS BRECKINRIDGE DEMOCRATS C. POLITICAL REALIGNMENT IN THE SOUTH [1860-1861] D. DECLARATIONS OF CAUSES FOR SECESSION E. SECESSION AS PRE-EMPTIVE COUNTER-REVOLUTION THE CIVIL WAR {1861-1865} I. THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH A. THE BALANCE OF FORCES B. BULL RUN: AN ANTIDOTE TO NORTHERN CONFIDENCE C. LINCOLN'S EARLY COMMANDERS: MCCLELLAN AND GRANT D. UNION WAR STRATEGY 1. "ON TO RICHMOND" 2. ANACONDA PLAN: A WAR OF ATTRITION 3. THE DIPLOMATIC WAR II. INCREASES IN THE POWER OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT A. CONSCRIPTION (THE DRAFT) B. TAXATION, BANKING, AND CURRENCY C. TRANSPORTATION: PACIFIC RAILROAD ACT OF 1862 D. GOVERNMENT BECOMES "BIG BUSINESS" E. GOVERNMENT AND AGRICULTURE 1. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 2. MORRILL LAND GRANT COLLEGE ACT 3. HOMESTEAD ACT III. THE THIRD (OR CIVIL WAR) PARTY SYSTEM A. REPUBLICANS VERSUS DEMOCRATS B. THE 4 GREAT ISSUES OF THE WAR 1. A GOVERNMENT-CONTROLLED CURRENCY ("GREENBACKS) 2. THE DRAFT 3. DIRECT TAXATION 4. EMANCIPATION a. LINCOLN'S EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION b. REASONS FOR ISSUANCE IV. FACTORS THAT CAUSED THE SOUTH'S DEFEAT A. FAILURE OF "COTTON DIPLOMACY" B. THE UNION BLOCKADE C. WEAKNESSES OF THE CONFEDERATE GOVERNMENT D. BLACK SOLDIERS IN THE UNION ARMY V. WARTIME POLITICS IN THE NORTH A. LINCOLN'S 10% PLAN B. WADE-DAVIS BILL C. ELECTION OF 1864: LINCOLN (Rep.) VERSUS MCCLELLAN (Dem.) RECONSTRUCTION {1865-1877} I. PRESIDENTIAL ("Johnsonian") RECONSTRUCTION {1865-1867} A. ANDREW JOHNSON AND RECONSTRUCTION AS RECONCILIATION B. THE "BLACK CODES" C. WHITE REACTIONARIES AND CONSERVATIVES IN CONTROL D. REPUBLICAN AND NORTHERN DISILLUSIONMENT WITH JOHNSON II. CONGRESSIONAL ("Radical") RECONSTRUCTION {1867-1876} A. U.S. CONGRESS VERSUS PRESIDENT JOHNSON 1. FREEDMEN'S BUREAU 2. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1866 3. FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT 4. 1866 "OFF-YEAR" ELECTIONS (THE NEW ORLEANS MASSACRE) 5. FIRST RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867 6. UNSUCCESSFUL IMPEACHMENT B. THE EXPERIENCE OF CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION 1. THE MYTH OF "BLACK RECONSTRUCTION" 2. ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE SOUTHERN REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENTS a. CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS FOR AFRICAN-AMERICANS b. RATIFICATION OF THE 14TH AND 15TH AMENDMENTS c. FREE TAX-SUPPORTED PUBLIC SCHOOLS d. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS d. RE-DISTRICTING, PRISON REFORM, WOMEN'S RIGHTS, AND INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS, FRONTIER DEFENSE C. THE WHITE CONSERVATIVE COUNTER-REVOLUTION AGAINST CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION 1. WHITE TERRORISM: THE KU KLUX KLAN 2. "REDEEMERS" AND WHITE LEAGUERS 3. THE MISSISSIPPI PLAN OF REDEMPTION: DESTRUCTION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY VOTER COALITIONS a. PHYSICAL INTIMIDATION b. ECONOMIC COERCION c. SOCIAL OSTRACISM III. REFLECTIONS ON RECONSTRUCTION: SOME LIMITS TO CHANGE 1. LAISSEZ-FAIRE 2. SEPARATION OF POWERS ("CONSTITUTIONALISM") 3. REPUBLICAN FACTIONALISM 4. RACISM