RECONSTRUCTION {1865-1877} I. PRESIDENTIAL ("Johnsonian") RECONSTRUCTION {1865-1867} A. ANDREW JOHNSON AND RECONSTRUCTION AS RECONCILIATION B. THE "BLACK CODES" C. WHITE REACTIONARIES AND CONSERVATIVES IN CONTROL D. REPUBLICAN AND NORTHERN DISILLUSIONMENT WITH JOHNSON II. CONGRESSIONAL ("Radical") RECONSTRUCTION {1867-1876} A. THE U.S. CONGRESS VERSUS PRESIDENT JOHNSON 1. FREEDMEN'S BUREAU 2. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT of 1866 3. FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT 4. 1866 "OFF-YEAR" ELECTIONS (THE NEW ORLEANS MASSACRE) 5. FIRST RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867 6. UNSUCCESSFUL IMPEACHMENT B. THE EXPERIENCE OF CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION 1. THE MYTH OF "BLACK RECONSTRUCTION" 2. ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE SOUTHERN REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENTS a. CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS FOR AFRICAN-AMERICANS b. RATIFICATION OF THE 14TH AND 15TH AMENDMENTS c. FREE TAX-SUPPORTED PUBLIC SCHOOLS d. ESTABLISHMENTOF THE AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS (Modern-day TAMU) e. RE-DISTRICTING, PRISON REFORM, WOMEN'S RIGHTS, AND INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS, & FRONTIER DEFENSE C. THE WHITE CONSERVATIVE COUNTER-REVOLUTION AGAINST CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION 1. WHITE TERRORISM: THE KU KLUX KLAN (KKK) 2. "REDEEMERS" AND WHITE LEAGUERS 3. THE MISSISSIPPI PLAN OF REDEMPTION: DESTRUCTION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY VOTER COALITIONS a. PHYSICAL INTIMIDATION b. ECONOMIC COERCION c. SOCIAL OSTRACISM III. REFLECTIONS ON RECONSTRUCTION: SOME LIMITS TO CHANGE 1. LAISSEZ-FAIRE 2. SEPARATION OF POWERS ("CONSTITUTIONALISM") 3. REPUBLICAN FACTIONALISM 4. RACISM THE TRIUMPH OF INDUSTRIALISM THE BUILDERS: 1. Gustavus Swift and the Organizing Function 2. Thomas Edison and Technological Innovation 3. Andrew Carnegie and Cost Consciousness 4. John Pierpont Morgan and Capital Formation THE SPOILERS: 1. Jay Gould and Stock Manipulation 2. John D. Rockefeller and Monopoly THE INTELLECTUAL FOUNDATION: 1. The Horatio Alger Myth 2. Social Darwinism THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT: 1. Government Aid 2. Laissez faire economics WAGE EARNERS 1. Social Mobility and Financial Rewards 2. Living and Working Conditions 3. Four Forms of Labor Protest THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR THE SOCIALIST ALTERNATIVE 4. Labor Strife in the 1890s a. The Homestead Strike b. Pullman Strike c. Eugene V. Debs and the Socialist Party of America THE AGE OF THE CITY I. IMMIGRATION 1. “Old” versus “New” Immigrants a. Poles, Jews, and Italians: A Comparison of Their Adjustment to American Life b. Nativism c. “Buckwheats” and “Hayseeds” II. THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT 1. Pressures on the Family 2. Crime and Vice 3. Urban Improvements III. BIG CITY POLITICAL "MACHINES" 1. William Marcy Tweed 2. The “Goo-Goos” and “WASPS” 3. Compassionate Reform: Mayor Hazen Pingree of Detroit THE TRANS-MISSOURI WEST The Destruction of the Plains Indians 1. Indians During the Civil War 2. Annoyance with the “Quaker Peace Policy’ 3. Killing of the Buffalo 4. The Small Reservation Policy 5. The Army’s Role 6. Sitting Bull and Little Big Horn (1876) 7. The Dawes Severalty Act (1887) 8. Indian Demoralization: The Ghost Dance 9. Wounded Knee (1890) The Cattle Kingdom: The Heyday of the Cowboy Plight of the Western Farmers 1. Six General Problems Faced by All Farmers: a. Competition b. Crop-lien system c. Overproduction d. Grasshoppers and droughts e. Inequitable tax system f. Loss of status: “Rubes, Hayseeds, and Buckwheats” 2. Invention of “Villians”: Bankers, Middlemen and Speculators 3. THE GRANGE: Patrons of Husbandry 4. Rise of the Farmers’ Alliances REPUBLICANS AND DEMOCRATS IN THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY I. What Made Gilded Age Politics Work? 1. The Old Story 2. Economic Issues: Tariffs, The Money Issue, and Regulation of Private Enterprise a. Interstate Commerce Commission b. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act 3. Politics as a Spectator Sport 4. Politics as a Moral Drama: “The Mugwumps” 5. The Spoils System a. The Pendleton Act b. Australian Ballot Reform II. The Bases for Political Party Affiliation 1. The Civil War Legacy: “Waving the Bloody Shirt” 2. The Role of Religion: “The Pietistic-Liturgical Continuum” III. The Political Realignment of 1896 1. The Farmers Enter Politics 2. The Populist Party and Its Platform 3. The Southern Populists: The Case of Texas 4. Unrest Under President Grover Cleveland a. Coxey’s Army b. Repeal of the Sherman Silver Act 5. The Presidential Election of 1896: Bryan vs. McKinley a. A Victory for Cultural Pluralism? b. Failure of the Workers and Farmers to Unite? IV. Culture in Gilded Age 1. Literature 2. Painting and Architecture 3. Popular Culture 4. Education 5. The New Journalism 6. The Revolt Against “Formalistic Thought”: Pragmatism TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY History 106I.100 Sample format with sample questions for the FIRST EXAM February 18, 2003 INSTRUCTIONS: Be sure to write your name on your blue book. You may turn in your bluebook when you finish or at the end of the exam period. You may write your essay with either a #2 pencil or a ball point pen, and you may write on both sides of the pages in your blue book if you wish. Once the exam is passed out there will be absolutely no talking at any time while students are in the classroom. Students spotted talking or not doing their own work will be given a score of "zero" on the exam. If you have a question, please leave your seat and walkup quietly to speak with Dr. Baum. PART ONE (50% or approximately 37½ minutes) Answer one (1) of the following two questions. In writing your essay, rely entirely on material presented in class lectures and assigned readings in the Unger textbook 1. What were the causes of the triumph of American industrialism and what were the costs associated with the nation's leap to industrial prominence? or 2. What were the attractions of America's cities for the nation's so-called "new immigrants" and discuss how they adjusted to America's "urban wilderness?" PART TWO (50% or approximately 37½ minutes) Identify and state the importance in United States history of ten (10) of the following: Wounded Knee (1890) Mayor Hazen Pingree of Detroit The Mugwumps American Federation of Labor Sherman Silver Act (1890) Sitting Bull and Little Big Horn (1876) The Pendleton Act (1883) Pragmatism The “Goo-Goos” and “WASPS” The Fourteenth Amendment "Black Codes" Padrone System Social Darwinism Mississippi Plan of Redemption Name_________________________________________ TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY History 106I.100: History of the United States since 1865 FIRST EXAM February 18, 2003 INSTRUCTIONS: Do “PART ONE” first and “PART TWO” last. Please be sure to write your name above and on your blue book, and if you use two blue books please indicate on their respectivecovers "1 of 2" and "2 of 2." Turn in this question sheet and your blue book when you finish or at the end of the exam period. You may write your essays with either a #2 pencil or a ball point pen, and you may write on both sides of the pages in your blue book if you wish. In writing your essays, rely entirely on material presented in the reading assignments and class lectures. If you have a question, please leave your seat and walk up quietly to speak with Dr. Baum. PART ONE (50% or approximately 37½ minutes): Answer one (1) of the following two questions: 1. What went "right" and what went "wrong" in the former Confederate states during Reconstruction? [Hint: Be sure to discuss in your essay why and how Congress took over control of Reconstruction from President Johnson, the subsequent accomplishments of the Southern Republican governments, and the white conservative reaction counter-revolution against Congressional Reconstruction.] or 2. How did the settlement of the Trans-Missouri West impact and shape American History? [Hint: Be sure to discuss in your essay the destruction of the Plains Indians and the plight of western farmers.] PART TWO (50% or approximately 37½ minutes): Identify and state the importance in United States history of ten (10) of the following: Laissez-faire economics “The pietistic-liturgical continuum” Gustavus Swift Coxey’s Army Jay Gould The Dawes Severalty Act (1887) “Waving the Bloody Shirt” The presidential election of 1896 Eugene V. Debs John D. Rockefeller Andrew Carnegie “Old” versus “New” Immigrants John Pierpont Morgan William Marcy Tweed THE AMERICAN EMPIRE: WHY DID THE UNITED STATES LOOK ABROAD? A. Background Factors: 1. Tradition 2. Late 19th Century European Colonialism 3. Belief in the Need for Foreign Markets 4. Naval Bases: “Seward’s Folly” 5. A Stronger Navy: Alfred Thayer Mahan 6. Fear of Class Conflict at Home 7. The Foreign Policy Elite 8. "The White Man's Burden" B. Hawaii and Venezuela C. "Cuba Libre" 1. Revolution in Cuba 2. American Sympathies: “Jingoism” and the “Yellow Press” 3. The de Lome Affair and "Remember the Maine!" D. The Spanish-American War 1. Quick Victory 2. The Spoils of War: Why Did America Keep the Philippines? 3. The Anti-Imperialists E. Imperial America 1. Relations with Latin America 2. The Panama Canal 3. Roosevelt “Corollary” to the Monroe Doctrine 4. The Open Door Policy in China PROGRESSIVISM 1. Uncertainties a. Aggregations of Private Power b. New Urban Consumers: “cavet emptor” 2. The Opinion Makers a. The Muckrakers b. Walter Lippman and Herbert Croly: The New Republic c. John Dewey’s Pragmatism d. Charles Beard: Economic Interpretation of the Constitution 3. Progressivism in the Cities a. Jane Addams and Hull House b. National Consumers League 4. Progressivism in the States a. “The Wisconsin Idea”: Robert La Follette b. Southern Progressivism: Southern Sociological Congress 5. The Nadir of American Race Relations a. Legalized "Jim Crow" b. Disfranchisement of African-Americans c. Heyday of Lynching d. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois e. The NAACP 6. Progressivism at the National Level a. Theodore Roosevelt’s First Term 1. Department of Labor 2. Conservation 3. More Power to the Interstate Commerce Commission 4. Northern Securities Holding Company and Swift and Company b. Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism” 1. Meat Inspection Act 2. Pure Food and Drug Act c. The Insurgent Republicans versus William Howard Taft d. The Presidential Election of 1912 e. Woodrow Wilson’s “New Freedom” 1. The Federal Reserve Act 2. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) 3. Clayton Anti-Trust Act f. Wilson Shifts Left 7. Conclusions World War I: Idealism, National Interest, or Neutral Rights? 1. Woodrow Wilson and the World Order a. Moral Diplomacy b. Mexico: The Vera Cruz Disaster & The Pancho Villa Imbroglio 2. Neutrality and Public Opinion a. Americans Take Sides b. The Propaganda War c. Wilson’s Pro-British Sentiments 3. Events Leading to United States Involvement a. Allied Violations of American Rights b. Submarine Warfare: The Lusitania c. Preparedness Movement d. Resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare e. Zimmerman Note f. Revolution in Russia 4. American Mobilization a. The Lever Act of 1917 b. Committee on Public Information c. Espionage Act (1917), Sabatoge Act (1918), and Sedition Act (1918) 5. The 19th Amendment 6. The War and Its Settlement a. Wilson’s 14 Points b. Versailles c. Battle for the League of Nations THE 1920s: HAPPY ADOLESCENCE OF DECADE OF STRESS? I. The Swing to the Political Right 1. The Harding Tragedy a. The Best and Worst of Village America b. Government and Business Interests Reconciled c. Scandals, Cronies, and “the Japanese Crab” 2. Keeping Cool with Coolidge II. “Coolidge Prosperity” 1. Cheap Credit 2. The Consumers-Durable Revolution 3. Industrial Efficiency 4. Businessmen and Labor Unions III. The Depressed Industries IV. No Parity for Farmers: McNary-Haugen Bill V. Old America versus New America 1. Prohibition: 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act 2. Immigration: The 1920 “Red Scare” and Reed-Johnson Immigration Act 3. Sacco & Vanzetti 4. Sexual Behavior 5. The Assault on Traditional Middle Class Values 6. Harlem Renaissance 7. The Rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan 8. The Scopes (“Monkey”) Trial 9. Al Smith (Dem.) versus Herbert Hoover (Rep.) THE DEPRESSION AND THE NEW DEAL Causes of the Depression: 1. Weaknesses in the Economy: Over Dependence on the New Consumer Durables Industries and Decline in Construction Projects 2. Foreign Influences: German Reparations 3. Stock Market Speculation: Unrealistic P/E Ratios and Questionable Bank Practices Effects of the Depression The “Deflationary Gap” [The Tragedy of the 20th Century] Herbert Hoover and the Depression: 1. “Confidence” Economics 2. Reconstruction Finance Corporation 3. The Bonus Expeditionary Force The First New Deal 1. RELIEF: CCC; FERA; CWA; and WPA 2. RECOVERY: Bank Holiday & Emergency Banking Act; AAA; NIRA; PWA and government spending to “prime the pump” 3. REFORM: The SEC and the Stock Market; FDIC; and TVA Enemies of the New Deal: 1. Liberty League and the Supreme Court 2. Huey Long, Father Coughlin, & Dr. Townsend The Capitalist Welfare State 1. Wagner Act & the NLRB [Rise of the CIO] 2. Social Security Act 3. PUHC & the Wealth Tax Act 4. REA The Election of 1936: The New Deal Voter Coalition The End of the New Deal 1. No Economic Recovery 2. Attack on the Supreme Court 3. Unsuccessful Purge of Southern Democrats Reflections on the New Deal History 106I.100: History of the United States since 1865 SECOND EXAM April 3, 2003 INSTRUCTIONS: Do “PART ONE” first and “PART TWO” last. Please be sure to write your name above and on your blue book, and if you use two blue books please indicate on their respective covers "1 of 2" and "2 of 2." Turn in this question sheet and your blue book when you finish or at the end of the exam period. You may write your essays with either a #2 pencil or a ball point pen, and you may write on both sides of the pages in your blue book if you wish. In writing your essays, rely entirely on material presented in the reading assignments and class lectures. If you have a question, please leave your seat and walk up quietly to speak with Dr. Baum. PART ONE (50% or approximately 37½ minutes): Answer one (1) of the following two questions: 1. What were the roots of Progressivism and what did it accomplish at the state and national levels? or 2. Discuss the cultural battles that raged between rural and urban Americans during the 1920s. PART TWO (50% or approximately 37½ minutes): Identify and state the importance in United States history of ten (10) of the following: The AAA and the NIRA The Open Door in China Huey Long Bonus Expeditionary Force Alfred Thayer Mahan Roosevelt “Corollary” to the Monroe Doctrine The Lever Act of 1917 Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points “Coolidge Prosperity” The McNary-Haugen Bill The Wagner Act The 19th Amendment CCC “Jingoism” and the “Yellow Press” THE SECOND WORLD WAR A. The Rise of Hitler in Germany a. The Shattering of the Germanic Tribe (5th century) b. The Niebelungenlied: Building Security on Personal Loyalty c. Attempts to Reconstruct the Roman Imperium d. Status and Egocentricity: The German personality e. German Unification (19th century) f. The Nazi Party g. Irrational Activism, Terror, and Aggression: Rhineland, Spain, Austria, and Czechoslovakia h. Munich and the war to 1941 B. Japanese-American Relations between 1904-5 and 1938 a. Treaty of Portsmouth b. The Gentlemen’s Agreement c. Root-Takahira (1908) d. Japan’s 21 Demands on China e. Manchukuo and The Stinson Doctrine f. A “New Order” in the Far East C. FDR and the Interventionists a. The Nye Committee and the Neutrality Acts b. “Dictators Must Be Stopped” c. The Good Neighbor Policy d. 1937 Quarantine Speech D. The Erosion of American Neutrality a. Repeal of the Arms Embargo b. “Cash and Carry” c. Peacetime Draft d. $17 Billion for Defense e. Lend-Lease f. The Atlantic Charter g. “Shoot-on-Sight” h. FDR: U.S. must enter the war: Pearl Harbor E. Mobilization and Social Change 1. Racial Tensions in California: a. Korematsu v. United States b. The Zoot-Suit Riot 2. Pressures on the Family 3. Prosperity and Inflation F. The Fighting Fronts a. 1942 Strategy b. Wartime Diplomacy: Moscow and Teheran c. The Defeat of Germany and the Holocaust d. Yalta Conference e. Japan’s Last Days f. Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Balance of Power in 1945 THE 1950s Social Structure The Politics of Dead Center 1. Harry S. Truman 2. The Taft-Hartley Act 3. Desegregation of the Armed Forces 4. The “Fair Deal” The Republican Years 1. “I LIKE IKE” 2. Brown v. Board of Education 3. Middle Class Life: “Keeping Up With the Jones” & Suburbia Triumphant The Cold War, 1945-1960 1. Power Vacuums in Asia and Europe 2. China: Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Tse-tung 3. Russian Expansionism: Eastern Europe, Turkey, Iran, and Greece 4. The Truman Doctrine of Containment 5. The Marshall Plan (ERP) 6. NATO & Point Four 7. 1949: Defeat of Chiang Kai-shek & Russian Atomic Bomb 8. “McCarthyism” (Senator Joseph McCarthy) 9. N.S.C. 68 (April 1950) 10. Korea 11. John Foster Dulles and the “New Look” a. Liberation and “Roll Back” b. “Massive Retaliation” & “Brinksmanship” c. “Two Bloc” World & “Pactomania” THE 1960s: The Rise of Dissent 1. Black Protest a. Martin Luther King, Jr., an Integration into the Mainstream of American Life b. Malcolm X and Separation and Black Pride c. Despair, Powerlessness, and Violence 2. Mexican-Americans: Cesar Chavez and la Huelga 3. Native Americans: The American Indian Movement (AIM) 4. Women’s Liberation: Betty Friedan & The National Organization of Women The Kennedy Presidency (1960-1963) 1. “Camelot” 2. Cuba: Bay of Pigs Fiasco 3. Khrushchev and Kennedy 4. Berlin & the Cuban Missile Crisis 5. “Flexible Response” & South Vietnam 6. The New Frontier President Lyndon Baines Johnson 1. The “Johnson Treatment” 2. The Great Society 3. Quagmire in Vietnam a. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution b. ARVN & The Air War c. Vietnam as a Domestic Problem d. The Tet Offensive (1968) e. Hue and My Lai Richard Nixon’s Presidency 1. “Peace with Honor” and “Vietnamization” 2. The Silent Majority and the Backlash Vote 3. Watergate & the 1972 Election 4. The Tapes: Impeachment TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY History 106I.100 Spring Semester 2003 May 7 (Wednesday at 1 - 3 p.m.) Sample format and sample questions for the FINAL COMPREHENSIVE EXAM PART ONE (33.3% or approximately 40 minutes) Answer one (1) of the following two questions: 1. What were the attractions of America's cities for the nation's so-called "new immigrants" and discuss how they adjusted to America's "urban wilderness?" 2. Explain the reasons for the rise of American overseas expansion by discussing the American role in China, Hawaii, the Philippines, and Latin America. PART TWO (33.3% or approximately 40 minutes) Answer one (1) of the following two questions: 1. How did America become involved in World War I, and why did the conclusion of the war lead to so much disillusionment? 2. Despite the unprecedented prosperity of the 1960s, the nation experienced full scale revolts by children of suburban middle class parents, by African-Americans, Mexican-Americans and women. What caused these groups to dissent? PART THREE (33.3% or approximately 40 minutes) Answer one (1) of the following three questions: 1. The Jungle is much more than an expose of the abuses in the meat packing industry during the Progressive Period. It tells us a great deal about the problems faced by many "newer" immigrants who found jobs as unskilled wage earners in the large industrial cities in the early twentieth century. Include in your essay on Sinclair's novel a discussion of the following: [a] Why did Jurgis Rudkus and his family find themselves on a treadmill of poverty?[b] What happened to Jurgis's wife? to his young son? to some of the other members of his family? [c] Why was the local saloon so important in the working class neighborhoods? [d] Why did the labor unions have difficulty organizing the workers in the meat packing plants? [e] How did Jurgis's careers as a criminal, migrant farm worker, political party hack, and strikebreaker enable him to believe that he was "beating the system?" [f] To what "great cause" did Jurgis finally become committed? Why? 2. Write an essay analyzing the novel Giants in the Earth as an historical source by stating what it reveals about pioneer life on the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century. Include in your essay a discussion of the following questions: [a] What lured the Norwegian immigrants to the Dakota plains? [b] How did Per Hansa adjust to his new and strange surroundings? (Compare his general attitude with that of some of the other Norwegian settlers.) [c] Why did Beret find more suffering in the Dakota prairie than in Norway? (What events or conditions pushed her to the verge of insanity?) [d] How was Beret finally able to pull herself together and face life? [e] Did the book end on a sad or hopeful note? Why? 3. The Rise of David Levinsky, written by the legendary founder and editor of the Jewish Daily Forward newspaper, is an early Jewish-American classic. Write an essay that answers the following questions: [a] How did David's studies in Russia prepare him for success in America? [b] What influence did his mother have on him? [c] Once in America as a Jewish "greenhorn" immigrant, how did he rise from the depths of poverty to become a millionaire garment merchant? [d] What did his success reveal about the culture of the American business world during this era? [e] In what ways did David discover the unbearably high price of his assimilation into American culture? NOTE: If you wish to know your final course grade for History 106I, please send me a request via my email (d-baum@tamu.edu) and I will send your grade back to you as soon as I have calculated it. Please do not call or email me to ask merely if I have finished grading your exam. Thank you very much. Dale Baum