Course Descriptions

Department of History

Professors R.J.Q. Adams, T.H. Anderson, D. Baum, J.K. Blackwelder, D. E. Bornstein, A.S. Broussard, W.L. Buenger (Head), J.G. Dawson, T.R. Dunlap, C.S.L. Dunning, S. Hoffert, W.D. Kamphoefner, A.P. Krammer, B. M. Linn, H.C. Livesay, R. R. Reese, J.M. Rosenheim; Associate Professors A. C. Alonzo, S. Alpern, C.A. Bouton, J.C. Bradford, C.E. Brooks, J.C. Coopersmith, A. L. Hatfield, A. J. Kirkendall, J.H. Lenihan, E. Obadele-Starks, R.P. Resch, H.C. Schmidt, A.N. Stranges, D. Vaught, D. Wang, L.W. Yarak; Assistant Professors R. J. Baber, T. O. Bickham, C. K. Blanton, B. C. Brower, L. R. Clay, L. DeVun, O. Dror, K. C. Engel, L. Halevi, A. P. Mora, R. H. Schloss, A. R. Seipp; Senior Lecturer D. R. C. Hudson

History
(HIST)

101. (HIST 2311) Western Civilization to 1660. (3-0). Credit 3. I, II, S

Ancient civilizations, Greek, Roman and Asian; Christianity; medieval civilization in west, eastern Europe; political, social and intellectual developments from earliest human cultures to 1660.

102. (HIST 2312) Western Civilization Since 1660. (3-0). Credit 3. I, II, S

Religious, dynastic and imperial developments; Industrial Revolution; western democracies; rise of nationalism and communism; central and eastern Europe; intellectual revolution; World Wars I and II and the contemporary world.

103. (HIST 2321) World History to 1500. (3-0). Credit 3.

Development of major world societies in the pre-modern era; emergence of agrarian-based modes of production, political states, religious economy and a global division of systems; Eurasian world system and the civilizations of Africa and the Americas.

104. (HIST 2322) World History Since 1500. (3-0). Credit 3.

Interaction of major world societies in the modern era; emergence of the modern world-economy and a global division of labor; European imperialism and colonialism and reactions in Africa, Asia and Latin America.

105. (HIST 1301) History of the United States. (3-0). Credit 3. I, II, S

Colonial heritage; Revolution; adoption of Constitution; growth of nationalism and sectionalism; Civil War; Reconstruction.

106. (HIST 1302) History of the United States. (3-0). Credit 3. I, II, S

Since reconstruction; new social and industrial problems; rise of progressivism; U.S. emergence as world power; World War I; reaction and New Deal; World War II; contemporary America.

210. Russian Civilization. (3-0). Credit 3.

Russian history, culture and society from origins to the present; rise of the Russian Empire; autocracy; modernization without liberalization; reforms, reaction, revolution; development of Communist regime; continuity from Imperial to Soviet period in industrialization, bureaucracy and treatment of peasants, nationalities and intellectual opposition; Gorbachev and a new "revolution."

213. (HIST 2313) History of England. (3-0). Credit 3. I, II

British, Saxon and Norman origins; national development; struggles between church and state; crown and nobles; nobles and commons; development of parliament.

214. (HIST 2314) History of England. (3-0). Credit 3. I, II

Agrarian and Industrial Revolutions; relations with Ireland; evolution of democracy; struggles with France and Napoleon; social legislation in the 20th century; growth of Empire until World War II.

220. History of Christianity: Origins to the Reformation. (3-0). Credit 3.

History of Christian doctrine, ecclesiastical organization, and religious practice, origins through Reformation, with emphasis on religion and society; life and teachings of Jesus; apostolic church; patristic period; Christianization of Roman Empire and northern Europe; monasticism; medieval church; Gregorian reform; heresy; papal monarchy; schism and conciliarism; reformations of the sixteenth century. Cross-listed with RELS 220.

226. (HIST 2301) History of Texas. (3-0). Credit 3. I, II, S

History of Texas from Spanish period to present day. Stress placed upon period of Anglo-American settlement, revolution, republic and development of modern state.

230. American Military History, 1609 to Present. (3-0). Credit 3.

Main events, personalities and technologies related to American military history.

232. History of American Sea Power. (3-0). Credit 3.

Development of American sea power from the 18th century to the present.

234. European Military History, 1630-1900. (3-0). Credit 3.

European military history from Gustavus Adolphus to the Boer War including especially societal involvement as well as roles of classic commanders.

258. American Indian History. (3-0). Credit 3.

Survey of American Indian history; Pre-Columbian, First Contact, Colonial Conquest, Differentiation between cultural groups; Reservation period, twentieth-century self-determination, and Pan-Indianism.

289. Special Topics in... Credit 1 to 4.

Selected topics in an identified area of history. May be repeated for credit. Prerequisite: Approval of instructor.

300. Blacks in the United States, 1607-1877. (3-0). Credit 3.

Blacks in the United States from the colonial period to 1877; the slave trade, slavery, free blacks and the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on blacks.

301. Blacks in the United States Since 1877. (3-0). Credit 3.

Blacks in the United States from the end of Reconstruction to the present; the ideologies of black leaders, disfranchisement, lynching and the quest for equality in the 1950s and 1960s.

304. Mexican-American Frontier to 1848. (3-0). Credit 3.

Origins and development of Spanish and Mexican history of Greater Southwest; exploration and conquest; Spanish entradas into Southwest; rise of institutions and colonial society; economic history; Mexican independence; Mexico's far northern frontier, 1821-1848.

305. Mexican-American History 1848-Present. (3-0). Credit 3.

Social, economic and political evolution of Mexican Americans from 1848 to present; adaptation to a harsh and isolated frontier; land tenure systems; conflict in the new Southwest; change and continuity in society; immigration and settlement of Mexicans; emergence of various political movements; current issues.

307. Latino Communities of the U.S. (3-0). Credit 3.

Hispanic or "Latino" communities of 20th century U.S.: Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans and Central Americans; differences in historical experiences; role of race, class, and gender; cultural identity as expressed in art, literature, folklore and religion; contemporary social, political, and economic issues.

319. U.S. Immigration and Ethnicity. (3-0). Credit 3.

The sources and persistence of ethnic identity in 19th and 20th century America; its interaction with religion, politics, languages, education and social mobility; various nativist and anti-immigrant movements; contrasts and continuities between contemporary immigration patterns and those of earlier eras.

320. History of the Atlantic World. (3-0). Credit 3.

Introduction to the comparative study of the civilizations and cultures that bordered on the Atlantic Ocean; examination of culture and economic exchanges and adaptations, migrations, empire-building, and the emergence of new societies and cultures. Prerequisite: Junior or senior classification.

324. European Society in the Industrial Age. (3-0). Credit 3.

European social history from the 19th century to the present: transformations wrought by industrialization; changing forms of social relations, politics and protest; development and impact of the welfare state; interaction of class, race and gender.

325. Texas Cultural History. (3-0). Credit 3.

The image of Texas history, tradition and popular culture from the 19th century to the present. Prerequisite: HIST 226 or ANTH 201, 210 or 229. Cross-listed with ANTH325.

330. Women in Ancient Greece and Rome. (3-0). Credit 3.

Survey of women in classical Greece and Rome; emphases on female occupations and family relationships, legal and political status, traditional values, notorious women, how women were viewed and how they viewed themselves. Prerequisite: Junior or senior classification. Cross-listed with CLAS 330 and WMST 330.

331. Medieval Europe, 300 to 1300. (3-0). Credit 3.

European political and diplomatic history from Constantine to Philip the Fair; emergence of medieval institutions; the influence of Plato and Aristotle upon Augustine, Abelard and Thomas Aquinas, and the origins of European education and law.

332. Renaissance and Reformation Europe, 1300 to 1660. (3-0). Credit 3.

Renaissance politics and diplomacy; political ideas of Erasmus and Machiavelli; art and humanism of the Renaissance; religious views of Luther, Calvin and Zwingli; the "new" economics.

333. Europe in the Age of Absolutism, 1660-1815. (3-0). Credit 3.

Europe from the "Age of Louis XIV" to the Congress of Vienna; Russia, Austria and Prussia. Mercantilism, capitalism and the rise of the middle class. Origins and consequences of the Enlightenment.

335. Europe, 1890-1932. (3-0). Credit 3.

A political, diplomatic, social and cultural history of Europe prior to, during and shortly after World War I.

336. Europe Since 1932. (3-0). Credit 3.

A political, diplomatic, military, social and cultural history of Europe prior to, during and since World War II.

338. The Rise of the European Middle Class. (3-0). Credit 3.

Survey of European society and social classes from the origins of capitalism in the Middle Ages to the triumph of the "middle class world" in the 19th century; rise of the middle class, development of bourgeois ideology and culture, and creation of the working class.

339. Eastern Europe Since 1453. (3-0). Credit 3.

Eastern Europe from the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the present; the Ottoman, Habsburg, Russian and Soviet Empires; the origins of modern East European states.

341. Latin America to 1810. (3-0). Credit 3.

Political history of South America from exploration and settlement to independence; colonial institutions; commercial systems.

342. Latin America Since 1810. (3-0). Credit 3.

Political history of independent South American nations since independence with emphasis upon ABC countries; economic, social and cultural development; foreign relations.

343. Inter-American Relations. (3-0). Credit 3.

Cultural, diplomatic and economic relations in the Western Hemisphere in historical perspective. Prerequisite: Junior or senior classification or approval of instructor.

344. History of Africa to 1800. (3-0). Credit 3.

Origins of humankind in Africa; development and spread of pastoralism, agriculture and iron-working; formation of states and empires; impact of Christianity and Islam; rise of international trade in gold, ivory and slaves; African diaspora.

345. Modern Africa. (3-0). Credit 3.

Survey of Africa since 1800; pre-colonial African states and societies; establishment and impact of European colonial rule; rise of nationalist movements; achievement of independence; problems of political stability and economic development in contemporary Africa; South Africa's apartheid regime and its opponents.

346. History of South Africa. (3-0). Credit 3.

Selected themes in the history of South Africa from the African Iron Age to the Apartheid regime; history of race relations in the 19th and 20th centuries and the rise of a modern industrial state.

347. Rise of Islam, 600-1258. (3-0). Credit 3.

Introduction to Islamic civilization from the rise of Islam to the Mongol conquests; examination of pre-Islamic poetry, the Qur'an, early Islamic laws on prayer, the ethical conventions of jihad, the lives of Muslim women, and the relation of Islam to Judaism and Christianity. Prerequisite: Junior or senior classification. Cross-listed with RELS 347.

348. Modern Middle East. (3-0). Credit 3.

Survey of the Middle East since 1800; introduction to Islam and Islamic civilization; decline of the Ottoman Empire; European imperialism; rise of nationalist movements; Zionism and the emergence of Israel; Arab-Israeli conflict; impact of oil; revolution in Iran and Islamic resurgence.

349. The Vietnam War/The American War. (3-0). Credit 3.

Vietnam's relations with the West; French colonialism; origins and development of Vietnamese nationalism; Cold War and American involvement; wartime societies in North and South Vietnam; expansion of the war to Cambodia and Laos; anti-war movements in the United States; reasons for American defeat; consequences and lessons of the war. Prerequisite: Junior or senior classification.

350. Asia During World War II. (3-0). Credit 3.

The origins and development of Japanese imperialism; Japan's expansion into East and Southeast Asia; wartime societies; collaboration and resistance; effects of the war in the United States upon Japanese-Americans; the outcomes of the war; remembrance of the war. Prerequisite: Junior or senior classification.

351. Traditional East Asia. (3-0). Credit 3.

History and culture of China and Japan from earliest times to the coming of the West; impact of Confucianism and Buddhism; development of social, political and economic systems.

352. Modern East Asia. (3-0). Credit 3.

Impact of the West on traditional China and Japan; the response through modernization; rise of nationalism and formation of modern nation states.

354. Imperial China. (3-0). Credit 3.

History of imperial China from the earliest dynasties through the mid- 19th century, including major political events, the structure of Chinese government, economic development, philosophies and religion, wars and military and culture and daily life. Prerequisite: Junior or senior classification.

355. Modern China. (3-0). Credit 3.

History of China from the coming of the West to the present; social, economic and political changes which have taken place during that period.

356. Twentieth Century Japan. (3-0). Credit 3.

Industrialization and modernization of Japan; its rise from an isolated nation to a major world power and economic giant.

359. American Environmental History. (3-0). Credit 3.

History of American attitudes toward nature: use of land, water, timber, oil, coal, wildlife and other natural resources in the United States; conservation movement and significant conflicts over resources; changing perception of the physical environment.

360. History of the American Petroleum Industry. (3-0). Credit 3.

Impact of energy upon industrial America from 1840 to the present; emphasis on relationship between energy and industrial development, emergence of state and federal energy policies, role of energy in foreign policy, growth of energy-oriented industries and impact of energy development on the environment.

361. Technology and Engineering in Western Civilization, 1400-Present. (3-0). Credit 3.

Man's material culture and his understanding of the physical world since the 15th century; role of the Renaissance and the Scientific, Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions in Europe; the resulting transformations in western civilization.

362. History of Science. (3-0). Credit 3.

The ideas of the great scientists and their impact on society; the Newtonian Revolution; Lavoisier and the new chemistry; Darwin and evolutionary thought; Enrico Fermi, Robert Oppenheimer and the development of nuclear energy.

363. History of Science in America. (3-0). Credit 3.

The major developments in the physical and life sciences from colonial times to the present; the lives and scientific contributions of such famous American scientists as Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Henry, Thomas Edison and J. Robert Oppenheimer.

364. History of Technology and Engineering in America, 1607-Present. (3-0). Credit 3.

American technological development from the colonial times to the present; technology in society, factors affecting technological development, changing attitudes toward technological accomplishments and the effects of technology upon society.

365. History of Religion in America to 1860. (3-0). Credit 3.

Religion in America from European origins through New England Puritanism, U. S. Constitutional issues, immigration, revivalism and the Civil War; relationship between dissenters, utopians and visionaries versus mainstream counterparts. Cross-listed with RELS 365.

366. History of Religion in America from 1860 to the Present. (3-0). Credit 3.

Religion in American from the Civil War; relationship of religion and science, ethnic assimilation, emergence of fundamentalism, mass evangelism, cults and criticisms of contemporary culture; examination of social and racial problems by the major religious traditions.

367. Colonization of North America. (3-0). Credit 3.

Geographic setting; early English, French, Dutch, Swedish discovery, conquest and settlement, 1497-1763; colonial administration; colonial life; inter-colonial wars.

368. The Birth of the Republic, 1763-1820. (3-0). Credit 3.

Impact of French and Indian War; British colonial policy 1763-1775; War for Independence; Confederation crisis; Constitution-making and ratification; development of political parties; problem of foreign entanglements; War of 1812; conflict of nationalist and sectionalist tendencies; historiography and interpretation.

369. The United States, 1820-1860. (3-0). Credit 3.

Jacksonian democracy; impact of nationalism and sectionalism; manifest destiny and Mexican War; slavery controversy; expansion.

370. Civil War and Reconstruction. (3-0). Credit 3.

Survey of background and causes of the war; military, political, economic and diplomatic aspects of the war; life behind the lines; Reconstruction and post-war adjustments, 1861-1877.

371. America in the Gilded Age, 1877-1901. (3-0). Credit 3.

The United States from 1877 to 1901; political, cultural and economic developments.

372. Reform, War and Normalcy: The United States, 1901-1929. (3-0). Credit 3.

Emergence of Progressivism; reform in the cities and states; reforms and foreign policies of the Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson administrations; World War I and aftermath; Harding-Coolidge normalcy; the Jazz Age; Hoover and the Great Crash.

373. The Great Depression and World War II. (3-0). Credit 3.

The United States, 1929-1945; cultural, social, economic and political developments in the nation; global diplomacy and military strategy.

374. The United States After World War II. (3-0). Credit 3.

The United States since World War II; political, economic, cultural and social changes and role as a world leader.

401. Slavery in World History. (3-0). Credit 3.

Comparative history of human slavery; slavery in the Ancient World, Asia, Africa; varieties of modern slavery in the New World since 1500; abolition of slavery and continuing forms of human bondage in the contemporary world. Prerequisite: Junior or senior classification.

402. Germany Since 1815. (3-0). Credit 3.

A survey of the unification of Germany; creation of the German Empire; Weimar Republic; rise and fall of Nazi Germany; and the role of Germany in international diplomacy.

403. History of Nazi Germany. (3-0). Credit 3.

Inner workings of the Third Reich from inception in 1933 to collapse at the end of World II in 1945; leadership and structure of the Nazi party; family life, religion and business.

404. Post 1945 Germanies. (3-0). Credit 3.

Examines Germany from the end of World War II to the end of the 20th century; includes political, social, cultural, and economic life in divided and occupied Germany; covers Germany since reunification in 1990. Prerequisite: Junior or senior classification.

405. History of the Holocaust. (3-0). Credit 3.

History of the Nazi Holocaust; Third Reich; Jewish Ghetto life and concentration camps; role of the military, S.S. and German business; lessons and legacies.

406. The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1715-1815. (3-0). Credit 3.

Origins and events of the French Revolution; Napoleon Bonaparte and the First Empire; social, economic, political and military developments in France and Europe.

407. History of France Since 1815. (3-0). Credit 3.

Nineteenth century Bourbon, Orleanist, Bonapartist and Republican regimes; France in World Wars I and II; De Gaulle and the role of France in the 20th century.

410. Russian History to 1801. (3-0). Credit 3.

Origins and Christianization of Russia; establishment and decline of Kievan Rus' state; Mongol conquest and domination of Russia; rise of Moscow, establishment of tsardom, expansion of state in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; Peter the Great's reforms; emergence of Russian Empire as a major power; era of Catherine the Great.

411. Imperial Russia 1801-1917. (3-0). Credit 3.

The last century of the autocratic Romanov dynasty and the social, intellectual, economic and political forces that ended it; political culture, society in transition, international affairs and revolutionary groups in an era of reform, counter-reform, reaction and industrialization.

412. Soviet Union 1917-Present. (3-0). Credit 3.

The Russian Revolution, consolidation of Bolshevik power; political and social evolution of the Soviet system from February 1917, through the Civil War, the power struggle among Lenin's successors, Stalin's industrial revolution, collectivization and terror, Khrushchev's de-Stalinization campaign, stagnation under Brezhnev, and Gorbachev's attempts at radical reform.

416. Texas Since 1845. (3-0). Credit 3.

History of Texas since annexation; social, cultural, economic and political developments and the place of Texas in national affairs.

420. European Intellectual History from the Enlightenment to 1900. (3-0). Credit 3.

Political and social history of selected major figures and important movements in political theory, literature, sociology, art, economics and philosophy in the 18th and 19th centuries.

421. European Intellectual History in the Twentieth Century. (3-0). Credit 3.

Political and social history of selected major figures and important movements in political theory, literature, sociology, art, economics and philosophy from the turn of the century to the present.

426. The Ancient Greeks. (3-0). Credit 3.

Greek History and civilization from the Archaic Age to Alexander the Great (8th-late 4th century B.C.). Prerequisite: 3 hours in history, or junior or senior classification, or approval of instructor. Cross-listed with CLAS 426.

428. The Roman Republic. (3-0). Credit 3.

Roman History and civilization from the beginnings (7th century B.C.) to the late 1st century B.C.). Prerequisite: 3 hours in history, or junior or senior classification, or approval of instructor. Cross-listed with CLAS 428.

429. The Roman Empire. (3-0). Credit 3.

Roman History and civilization of the Imperial Period (1st century B.C.-6th century A.D.). Prerequisite: 3 hours in history, or junior or senior classification, or approval of instructor. Cross-listed with CLAS 429.

430. Ireland 1690-1922: Colony, Kingdom and Nation. (3-0). Credit 3.

Introduction to the history of eighteenth- and nineteenth-Century Ireland; examination of politics, society, culture, the economy and religion; consideration of the relationship between Ireland, Britain and continental Europe; Ireland and parliamentary politics. Prerequisite: Junior or senior classification.

435. Tudor England, 1450-1603. (3-0). Credit 3.

Changes in social, economic, political and religious institutions and organization: growth of the nation state; Henry VIII and the "new monarchy"; Reformation and religious settlements; international relations; inflation and social dislocation; the role of Parliament; the age of Elizabeth and Shakespeare.

436. Stuart England, 1603-1714. (3-0). Credit 3.

Social, political, economic and religious development from James I to Queen Anne, Puritanism and the Revolution of the 1640s, the Restoration, establishment of constitutional monarchy after 1688, England's rise as a world commercial power.

437. Hanoverian England. (3-0). Credit 3.

Eighteenth century English history: Hanoverian rule and parliamentary government; challenges to stability from political radicalism, popular culture and crime; overseas empire; agricultural revolution, industrialization and urban growth; the church, Age of Reason and rise of Methodism.

438. Nineteenth Century England. (3-0). Credit 3.

Political, social, economic and intellectual history of England from 1815 to 1914.

439. Twentieth Century England. (3-0). Credit 3.

Constitutional, political, economic, military and social history of England since 1910.

440. Latin American Cultural and Intellectual History. (3-0). Credit 3.

Main currents of culture and thought as shaped by historical circumstances.

441. History of Mexico, 1821 to the Present. (3-0). Credit 3.

Political, economic and social development of Mexico since independence and her relation to other world powers.

443. American Military History to 1901. (3-0). Credit 3.

American military experience from colonial days to 1901; causes, nature and effect of the wars in which the United States has participated.

444. American Military History Since 1901. (3-0). Credit 3.

American military experience from 1901 to present; causes, nature and effect of wars in which the United States has participated; effect of war on American history.

445. History of Modern Military Thought. (3-0). Credit 3.

Military thought and theory, 1700 to the present.

446. Aerospace History. (3-0). Credit 3.

Aviation technology, doctrine, policy and the concept of air power from the 19th century to the present.

447. Constitutional History of the United States to 1901. (3-0). Credit 3.

How political and social conditions in American history have produced fundamental constitutional principles, changes and practices; historical evolution of written and unwritten Constitution.

449. History of Brazil, 1822 to the Present. (3-0). Credit 3.

Political, cultural and economic development of Brazil since independence; slavery and race relations; relation to other world powers. Prerequisite: Junior classification.

450. The Old South. (3-0). Credit 3.

History of antebellum South; physical bases of Southern regionalism; Southern alignments on national issues; slavery-plantation economy and society of Old South; secession and formation of Confederacy.

451. The New South, 1876 to the Present. (3-0). Credit 3.

Political, economic, social and intellectual developments in the South since Reconstruction.

453. The American Frontier. (3-0). Credit 3.

Westward movement; patterns of westward expansion, pioneer settlement, the West in diplomacy and influence of frontier on American life and institutions.

455. History of the American City. (3-0). Credit 3.

History of American Cities; a social, economic and political study of industry, labor and immigration; development of a metropolitan society.

456. American Agricultural History. (3-0). Credit 3.

History of American agricultural development from the Revolutionary period to the present; technological developments, major farm industries, labor, regional development, farm movements and farm programs.

457. American Economic History. (3-0). Credit 3.

Major economic forces in the development of American society from 1763; mercantilism, land policies and natural resources; westward movement and agricultural expansion; transportation and trade; growth of industry and its effects on modern business, social and political life.

459. American Society and Culture to 1877. (3-0). Credit 3.

Century of social and political thought, religion, science, scholarship and education in the United States.

460. American Society and Culture Since 1877. (3-0). Credit 3.

Continuation of HIST 459 from 1877 to the present.

461. History of American Women. (3-0). Credit 3.

Cultural, political, legal and religious factors that helped shape the role and character of women in American society from colonial times to the present; historical role of women in the development of the nation. Cross-listed with WMST 461.

462. American Foreign Relations. (3-0). Credit 3.

History of U.S. foreign relations and policies to 1913.

463. American Foreign Relations. (3-0). Credit 3.

History of U.S. foreign relations and policies since 1913.

464. International Developments Since 1918. (3-0). Credit 3.

General survey of world politics since close of World War I; problems and ideologies of great powers of Europe and factors and conditions which explain present political tendencies and policies.

470. American Business History. (3-0). Credit 3.

Management strategy and structure of the modern corporation in 19th and 20th century America and the corporation's changing roles in American society.

473. History of Modern American Women. (3-0). Credit 3.

Emergence of modern American women in the 1890s; examination of their history from the 1890s to the present; women as organizers, innovators, political reformers, workers, social activists, housewives, mothers, consumers and feminists. Cross-listed with WMST 473.

476. Sex and Sexuality in History. (3-0). Credit 3.

Changing ideas about sex and sexuality over time; includes their interaction with ideas about gender, race, class, religion, science, technology, medicine, politics and popular culture; historical and cultural processes creating modern concerns about sex and sexuality. Prerequisite: Junior or senior classification. Cross-listed with WMST 476.

477. Women in Modern European History. (3-0). Credit 3.

Women in Europe from the 18th century to the present: women's contributions to their societies; realities of their daily lives and their responses; perceptions of women; role of institutions in defining women's roles; significance for women of industrialization, revolution, warfare, scientific discoveries; interaction of class, race and gender. Cross-listed with WMST 477.

481. Seminar in History. (3-0). Credit 3.

Literature of an issue, event, period or people in history; use of primary source materials connected with the field of the seminar; problems of bibliography, historiography and historical method; and experience in writing. Prerequisite: 21 credits of history, 9 of which must be 300-level or above. Open to senior history majors or with instructor's approval.

485. Directed Studies. Credit 1 to 3.

Selected fields of history not covered in depth by other courses. Reports and extensive reading required. Prerequisite: Approval of department head.

489. Special Topics in... Credit 1 to 4.

Selected topics in an identified area of history.

491. Research. Credit 1 to 3.

Research conducted under the direction of faculty member in history. Prerequisites: 24 hours if history, with 12 or more at 300-level or above; junior or senior classification and approval of instructor.

497. Independent Honors Studies. Credit 1 to 3.

Directed independent studies for upper division Honors students, regardless of academic major, in selected aspects of history. Prerequisites: Junior or senior classification either as Honors student or with overall GPR of 3.25 and letter of approval from head of student's major department and approval of head, Department of History.